Evaluation Of Onsite Preanoxic Recirculating Gravel Filter Wastewater Treatment Systems For Nitrogen Removal
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Evaluation Of Onsite Preanoxic Recirculating Gravel Filter Wastewater Treatment Systems For Nitrogen Removal
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Author : Stephany Wei
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Evaluation Of Onsite Preanoxic Recirculating Gravel Filter Wastewater Treatment Systems For Nitrogen Removal written by Stephany Wei and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Approximately 25 percent of the United States population is served by conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS), which consist of a septic tank followed by a soil adsorption field with subsurface effluent dispersion. OWTS have limited nitrogen removal ability, and in some locations their nitrogen loading contributes to eutrophication and impairs groundwater for potable uses. Consequently, there is a need for OWTS with improved nitrogen removal efficiency. The design of onsite nitrogen removal systems should be simple with minimal mechanical equipment and chemical addition. These systems should also require very little operating attention and provide reliable nitrogen removal performance under varying household load conditions. This study evaluated the long-term performance of two new designs intended to meet these requirements while also producing an average total nitrogen effluent concentration of less than 20 mg/L. The designs tested were modifications of recirculating gravel filters (RGF), which have been used for many years. RGFs are easy to operate and are proven to be highly effective for the removal of organic pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS), as well as biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. The modified RGF systems included an anoxic zone below the normal aerobic zone in which flow from the upper zone contacted septic tank effluent flow to promote biological denitrification for nitrogen removal. The systems were considered passive nitrogen removal systems because they do not require an exogenous carbon source. The differences between the two system designs included one having a vegetated aerobic zone (Vegetated RGF) and the other having a layer of oyster shells at the top of aerobic zone, and a different anoxic zone inlet design and upflow flow pattern (Enhanced RGF) versus a horizontal anoxic zone flow pattern for the Vegetated RGF. Each system treated 480 gallon/day of domestic wastewater with a typical diurnal flow pattern. Their performance was evaluated for twelve months, which also included five stress tests that simulated extreme wash loads conditions, low loading periods, vacation interruptions, and power failure that might occur for a single home. This research evaluated and compared the performance of these systems in regards to nitrogen, BOD, TSS, total phosphorus (TP), and fecal coliform removal. Their responses to the stress tests and the effect of temperature were also assessed. The Vegetated RGF achieved high average treatment efficiencies for BOD (98%), TSS (99%), and fecal coliform (1.4 log reduction). The Enhanced RGF was equally effective at removing BOD (97%), TSS (99%), and fecal coliform (1.1 log reduction). Both systems achieved a total phosphorus removal efficiency of about 40 percent. The effluent annual average total nitrogen concentrations were 15.2 and 8.6 mg/L with 95th percentiles of 18.5 and 12.3 mg/L for the Vegetated RGF and Enhanced RGF systems, respectively. Both the Vegetated and Enhanced RGF systems had good nitrification efficiency, but some operational clogging in the feed distribution piping did cause higher effluent ammonia concentrations. The larger aerobic volume and lower nitrogen loading to the Vegetated RGF system provided a higher nitrification efficiency compared to the Enhanced RGF. A much greater denitrification efficiency was observed for the Enhanced RGF system compared to the Vegetated RGF system due to its improved method of contacting the nitrified flow from the upper aerobic zone and the septic tank effluent.
Innovative Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems For Nitrogen Removal
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Author : Crystal Grinnell
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Innovative Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems For Nitrogen Removal written by Crystal Grinnell and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Nitrate released from septic system effluents can percolate through the soil, potentially contaminating ground water and exacerbating surface water eutrophication. Alternatives to conventional septic-drainfield systems can remove nitrogen from this waste-stream, thereby protecting water quality. This study compares the nitrogen removal efficiency of two onsite treatment systems designed to maximize nitrogen removal via sequential nitrification-denitrification. The key requirements for denitrification (including oxic conditions for nitrification and anoxic conditions for denitrification and bioavailable carbon), were provided in both systems, however several key design features differed. The first system was a vegetated recirculating gravel filter (Vegetated RGF) and was designed as a single step system, incorporating nitrification and denitrification conditions in tandem and utilizing the septic tank effluent as the carbon source. The second system separated the nitrification and denitrification steps, using an RGF for nitrification and a vegetated woodchip bed for denitrification. Both systems were fed residential wastewater influent for one year. The two-stage Woodchip bed system provided far greater nitrogen and fecal coliform removal than the single-stage system, however, the two stage system was highly sensitive to temperature and removed less nitrogen during cold months. The Vegetated RGF average effluent total nitrogen (TN) was 15.1 ℗ł 1.9 mg/L, which equates to an average of 69% TN removal. The Woodchip bed system produced an average effluent of 1.7 ℗ł 1.0 and 6.4 ℗ł 4.2 mg-TN/L, during warm and cold months, respectively, resulting in an average TN removal of 92%. BOD, TSS and TP removal were similar in both systems. The Woodchip bed system exhibited exemplary nitrogen and fecal coliform removal and therefore has the potential to vastly improve residential wastewater treatment.
On Site Wastewater Treatment Systems For Nitrogen Removal From Septic Tank Effluent
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Author : Brian B. Endter
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
On Site Wastewater Treatment Systems For Nitrogen Removal From Septic Tank Effluent written by Brian B. Endter and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with categories.
Wastewater Treatment Using A Constructed Wetland And Recirculating Gravel Filter System
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Author : Gregory Lynn Askew
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Wastewater Treatment Using A Constructed Wetland And Recirculating Gravel Filter System written by Gregory Lynn Askew and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Constructed wetlands categories.
Impact Of Recirculating Nitrified Effluent On The Performance Of Passive Onsite Hybrid Adsorption And Biological Treatment Systems
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Author : Amulya Miriyala
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Impact Of Recirculating Nitrified Effluent On The Performance Of Passive Onsite Hybrid Adsorption And Biological Treatment Systems written by Amulya Miriyala and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Effluent quality categories.
Approximately 25% of households in the U.S. treat their wastewater onsite using conventional onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS). These systems typically include a septic tank or a series of septic tanks followed by a soil absorption system. They effectively remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), fats and grease but are not designed to remove significant amounts of nitrogen. High nitrogen loading to coastal and ground waters can be dangerous to aquatic life and public health. Hence, there is a need for advanced onsite wastewater treatment systems that can effectively remove nitrogen. Making enhanced nitrogen removal for OWTS as our primary goal, a laboratory scale Hybrid Adsorption and Biological Treatment Systems (HABiTS) was developed and upon observation of its effective nitrogen removal capacity, a pilot demonstration study with two side-by-side HABiTS, one with recirculation and one without recirculation (only forward flow) were constructed and tested at the Northwest Regional Water Reclamation Facility in Hillsborough County (Florida). HABiTS employ biological nitrogen removal and ion exchange for effective nitrogen removal. HABiTS is a two-stage process which uses nitrification for the oxidation of ammonium to nitrate and ion exchange for ammonium adsorption that helps buffer transient loading and also acts as a biofilm carrier in its stage 1 biofilter and it uses tire-sulfur hybrid adsorption denitrification (T-SHAD) in its stage 2 biofilter. These sulfur pellets help promote sulfur oxidation denitrification (SOD) and tire chips are used for nitrate adsorption during transient loading conditions, as biofilm carriers for denitrifying bacteria, and can also be used as organic carbon source to promote heterotrophic denitrification because they leach organic carbon. For this research, HABiTS without recirculation is considered as the control system and the performance of HABiTS with recirculation was tested for its ability to further enhance nitrogen removal from HABiTS. Nitrified effluent recirculation is a common strategy employed in wastewater treatment for enhanced nitrogen removal. It is the reintroduction of semi-treated wastewater to pass through an anoxic pre-treatment chamber to achieve better quality effluent. Recirculation is said to improve and consistently remove nitrogen at any hydraulic loading rate and/or nitrogen concentration. This is because of the dilution of high BOD septic tank effluent with nitrified effluent which lowers COD:TKN ratio and also improves mass transfer of substrates in the stage 1 biofilter. Recirculation also provides some pre-denitrification in the pre-treatment chamber, thereby reducing nitrogen load on the system. The HABiTS with recirculation (R) was run at 1:1 ratio of nitrified effluent recirculation rate to the influent flow rate for 50 days, and at 3:1 ratio for the remaining period of this research (200 days). The forward flow system (FF) was run under constant conditions throughout the research and comparisons between the two systems were made for different water quality parameters (pH, DO, conductivity, alkalinity, TSS, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and various nitrogen species). The final effluent ammonium results showed that the system with recirculation removed consistently > 80% NH4+-N during 1:1 and 3:1 recirculation ratios whereas the forward flow system achieved 57% removal. Further, an average of 81% total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal from the system influent was seen in the recirculation systems final effluent when compared to an average of 55% in forward flow systems final effluent. This research explains in detail, the impact of nitrified effluent recirculation on enhanced nitrogen removal in onsite systems and the results presented in this thesis proved that nitrified effluent recirculation provides promising enhanced nitrogen removal in an onsite wastewater treatment system.
Evaluation Of Nitrogen Removal Systems For On Site Sewage Disposal
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Author : Bonnie E. Lamb
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Evaluation Of Nitrogen Removal Systems For On Site Sewage Disposal written by Bonnie E. Lamb and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Sewage categories.
Activated Sludge And Aerobic Biofilm Reactors
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Author : Marcos Von Sperling
language : en
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Release Date : 2007-03-30
Activated Sludge And Aerobic Biofilm Reactors written by Marcos Von Sperling and has been published by IWA Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-03-30 with Science categories.
Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors is the fifth volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment. The first part of the book is devoted to the activated sludge process, covering the removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus.A detailed analysis of the biological reactor (aeration tank) and the final sedimentation tanks is provided. The second part of the book covers aerobic biofilm reactors, especially trickling filters, rotating biological contractors and submerged aerated biofilters. For all the systems, the book presents in a clear and informative way the main concepts, working principles, expected removal efficiencies, design criteria, design examples, construction aspects and operational guidelines. About the series: The series is based on a highly acclaimed set of best selling textbooks. This international version is comprised by six textbooks giving a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment. Other titles in the series are: Volume 1: Waste Stabilisation Ponds; Volume 2: Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment; Volume 3: Waste Stabilization Ponds; Volume 4: Anaerobic Reactors; Volume 6: Sludge Treatment and Disposal
Activated Sludge 100 Years And Counting
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Author : David Jenkins
language : en
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Release Date : 2014-05-31
Activated Sludge 100 Years And Counting written by David Jenkins and has been published by IWA Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-31 with Science categories.
Activated Sludge - 100 Years and Counting covers the current status of all aspects of the activated sludge process and looks forward to its further development in the future. It celebrates 100 years of the Activated Sludge process, from the time that the early developers presented the seminal works that led to its eventual worldwide adoption. The book assembles contributions from renowned world leaders in activated sludge research, development, technology and application. The objective of the book is to summarise the knowledge of all aspects of the activated sludge process and to present and discuss anticipated future developments. The book comprises invited papers that were delivered at the conference "Activated Sludge...100 Years and Counting!", held in Essen, Germany, June 12th to 14th, 2014. Activated Sludge - 100 Years and Counting is of interest to researchers, engineers, designers, operations specialists, and governmental agencies from a wide range of disciplines associated with all aspects of the activated sludge process. Authors: David Jenkins, University of California at Berkeley, USA, Jiri Wanner, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
Advances In Wastewater Treatment
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Author : Giorgio Mannina
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Advances In Wastewater Treatment written by Giorgio Mannina and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Sewage categories.
Biomethanization Of The Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Wastes
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Author : J. Mata-Alvarez
language : en
Publisher: IWA Publishing
Release Date : 2002-08-31
Biomethanization Of The Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Wastes written by J. Mata-Alvarez and has been published by IWA Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-08-31 with Science categories.
Biomethanization of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes is a comprehensive introduction to both the fundamentals and the more practical aspects of the anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes, particularly those derived from households, that is, the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW). It can be used as a textbook for specialized courses and also as a guide for practitioners. In the first part, the book covers the relevant aspects of anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes. The fundamentals and kinetic aspects of AD are reviewed with particular emphasis on the aspects related to solid wastes. This introduction is necessary to have a comprehensive view of the AD process and to understand the practical principles as well as the origin of possible problems arising from the management of the process. Chapter 2 emphasizes the role of kinetics in designing the reactor, paying special attention to existing models, particularly the dynamic ones. Through this introduction, it is intended to facilitate the technology transfer from laboratory or pilot plant experiences to full-scale process, in order to implement improvements in current digesters. Laboratory methods are described for the analysis and optimization of reactor performance, such as methanogenic activity tests or experimental evaluation of the biodegradation kinetics of solid organic waste. The different reaction patterns applied to industrial reactors are outlined. Industrial reactors are classified in accordance with the system they use, pointing out advantages and limitations. Co-digestion, enabling the co-treatment of organic wastes of different origin in a more economically feasible way, is described in detail. Examples of co-digestion are given, with OFMSW as a base-substrate. Finally, full-scale co-digestion plants are discussed. Various types (mechanical, biological, physico-chemical) of pre-treatment to increase the biodegradability, and thus the yields of the process, are reviewed in detail. The use of the fermentation products of anaerobic digesters for biological nutrient removal processes in wastewater treatment plants is described. This constitutes an example of integrated waste management, a field in which both economic and technical advances can be achieved. Balances are given to justify the approach, and a full-scale case study is presented. The important topic of economics and the ecological advantages of the process are emphasized. The use of compost, the integration with composting technology, and advantages over other technologies are detailed in the framework of an environmental impact assessment of biowaste treatment. Finally, the anaerobic digestion of MSW in landfills is reviewed in detail, with emphasis on landfill process enhancement and strategies for its application.
