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Evidence And Method


Evidence And Method
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Evidence And Method


Evidence And Method
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Author : Peter Achinstein
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2013-04-11

Evidence And Method written by Peter Achinstein and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-11 with Biography & Autobiography categories.


What is meant by scientific evidence, and how can a definition of this concept be applied in the sciences to determine whether observed facts constitute evidence that a given theory is true? In this book, Peter Achinstein proposes and defends several objective concepts of evidence. He then explores the question of whether a scientific method, such as that represented in the four "Rules for the Study of Natural Philosophy" that Isaac Newton invoked in proving his law of gravity, can be employed in demonstrating how the proposed definitions of evidence are to be applied to real scientific cases. In answering this question, he offers a new interpretation of Newton's controversial rules. Contrary to what many methodologists assume, whether the rules, so interpreted, can be used to determine whether observed phenomena provide evidence for a theory is an empirical question, not an a priori one. Finally, in order to deal with numerous cases in which evidence is insufficient to establish a theory, or where no theory is even available, Achinstein describes and defends three scientific methods proposed by the 19th century theoretical physicist James Clerk Maxwell, in the course of developing his electrical and molecular theories.



Understanding And Using Scientific Evidence


Understanding And Using Scientific Evidence
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Author : Richard Gott
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2003-07-30

Understanding And Using Scientific Evidence written by Richard Gott and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-07-30 with Education categories.


The basic understanding which underlies scientific evidence - ideas such as the structure of experiments, causality, repeatability, validity and reliability- is not straightforward. But these ideas are needed to judge evidence in school science, in physics or chemistry or biology or psychology, in undergraduate science, and in understanding everyday issues to do with science. It is essential to be able to be critical of scientific evidence. The authors clearly set out the principles of investigation so that the reader will be confident in questioning the experts, making an informed choice or arriving at in informed opinion. The book is intended for a wide range of readers including those who want to: } collect their own evidence } be able to question and judge a wide range of science-based issues that we come across in the press or other media in everyday life } teach others how to understand evidence. This book has been developed from the authors′ work with first year undergraduates in a combined science course and in primary teacher training for science specialists. It is suitable for students training as primary science specialists, and also for ′A′ level and first-year undergraduates in science and science-related subjects.



Evidence


Evidence
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Author : Dennis D. Prater
language : en
Publisher: LexisNexis/Matthew Bender
Release Date : 2007

Evidence written by Dennis D. Prater and has been published by LexisNexis/Matthew Bender this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Law categories.




Analysis Of Evidence


Analysis Of Evidence
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Author : Terence Anderson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2005-07-11

Analysis Of Evidence written by Terence Anderson and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-07-11 with Law categories.


This extensively revised second edition covers the basic concepts and principles underlying the logic of proof; the uses and dangers of story-telling; probabilities and proof; the chart method and other methods of analyzing and ordering evidence. They are utilized in fact-investigation, preparing for trial, and in connection with other important decisions in legal processes and criminal investigation and intelligence analysis. Most of the chapters in the new edition have been rewritten; the treatment of fact investigation, probabilities and narrative has been extended; and new examples and exercises have been added.



The Book Of Evidence


The Book Of Evidence
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Author : Peter Achinstein
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2001-09-20

The Book Of Evidence written by Peter Achinstein and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-09-20 with Science categories.


What is required for something to be evidence for a hypothesis? In this fascinating, elegantly written work, distinguished philosopher of science Peter Achinstein explores this question, rejecting typical philosophical and statistical theories of evidence. He claims these theories are much too weak to give scientists what they want--a good reason to believe--and, in some cases, they furnish concepts that mistakenly make all evidential claims a priori. Achinstein introduces four concepts of evidence, defines three of them by reference to "potential" evidence, and characterizes the latter using a novel epistemic interpretation of probability. The resulting theory is then applied to philosophical and historical issues. Solutions are provided to the "grue," "ravens," "lottery," and "old-evidence" paradoxes, and to a series of questions. These include whether explanations or predictions furnish more evidential weight, whether individual hypotheses or entire theoretical systems can receive evidential support, what counts as a scientific discovery, and what sort of evidence is required for it. The historical questions include whether Jean Perrin had non-circular evidence for the existence of molecules, what type of evidence J. J. Thomson offered for the existence of the electron, and whether, as is usually supposed, he really discovered the electron. Achinstein proposes answers in terms of the concepts of evidence introduced. As the premier book in the fabulous new series Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Science, this volume is essential for philosophers of science and historians of science, as well as for statisticians, scientists with philosophical interests, and anyone curious about scientific reasoning.



Facts And Evidence


Facts And Evidence
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Author : Baosheng Zhang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-01-04

Facts And Evidence written by Baosheng Zhang and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-04 with Law categories.


This book presents an in-depth discussion on two concepts from the field of philosophy and law, in order to improve our understanding of the relation between “fact” and “evidence” in judicial process. Since fact-finding is a difficult task for judges, proof by evidence has been devised to help them access the truth. However, in the process of judicial fact-finding, there is always a gap between fact and truth. This book covers a wide range of topics, from reflections on the concept of “fact,” “evidence” and “fact-finding” in the field of philosophy and law to individual case studies. As such it is a useful reference resource on the continuing research on the judicial proof process for students and scholars.



Credible And Actionable Evidence


Credible And Actionable Evidence
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Author : Stewart I. Donaldson
language : en
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Release Date : 2014-09-10

Credible And Actionable Evidence written by Stewart I. Donaldson and has been published by SAGE Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-10 with Social Science categories.


Addressing one of the most important and contentious issues challenging applied research and evaluation practice today—what constitutes credible and actionable evidence?—this volume offers a balanced and current context in which to analyze the long-debated quantitative-qualitative paradigms. In the Second Edition, the contributors, a veritable “who’s who” in evaluation, discuss the diversity and changing nature of credible and actionable evidence; offer authoritative guidance about using credible and actionable evidence; explain how to use it to provide rigorous and influential evaluations; and include lessons from their own applied research and evaluation to suggest ways to address the key issues and challenges. Reflecting the latest developments in the field and covering both experimental and non-experimental methods, the new edition includes revised and updated chapters, summaries of strengths and weaknesses across varied approaches, and contains diverse definitions of evidence. Also included are two new chapters on assessing credibility and synthesizing evidence for policy makers. This is a valuable resource for students and others interested in how to best study and evaluate programs, policies, organizations, and other initiatives designed to improve aspects of the human condition and societal well-being.



The Nature Of Qualitative Evidence


The Nature Of Qualitative Evidence
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Author : Janice M. Morse
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2001-02-22

The Nature Of Qualitative Evidence written by Janice M. Morse and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-02-22 with Medical categories.


What constitutes qualitative evidence? This book will break new ground by providing urgently needed standards for qualitative inquiry and tackle the significant issues of what constitutes qualitative evidence. In particular, this book will address the place of qualitative evidence in the planning delivery, and evaluation of health care. The authors first examine the status of qualitative research as evidence versus as "opinion." They then examine such topics as: who decides what counts as evidence, the nature of outcomes, how to evaluate qualitative evidence, constructing evidence within the qualitative project, and research utilization and qualitative research. They conclude with perspectives on the issue of standards for qualitative investigation.



Evidence Based Policy Making In The Social Sciences


Evidence Based Policy Making In The Social Sciences
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Author : Stoker, Gerry
language : en
Publisher: Policy Press
Release Date : 2016-09-29

Evidence Based Policy Making In The Social Sciences written by Stoker, Gerry and has been published by Policy Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-29 with Political Science categories.


This book gathers an expert group of social scientists to showcase emerging forms of analysis and evaluation for public policy analysis. Each chapter highlights a different method or approach, putting it in context and highlighting its key features before illustrating its application and potential value to policy makers. Aimed at upper-level undergraduates in public policy and social work, it also has much to offer policy makers and practitioners themselves.



Evidence Based Technical Analysis


Evidence Based Technical Analysis
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Author : David Aronson
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-07-11

Evidence Based Technical Analysis written by David Aronson and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-07-11 with Business & Economics categories.


Evidence-Based Technical Analysis examines how you can apply the scientific method, and recently developed statistical tests, to determine the true effectiveness of technical trading signals. Throughout the book, expert David Aronson provides you with comprehensive coverage of this new methodology, which is specifically designed for evaluating the performance of rules/signals that are discovered by data mining.