Evolution And The Mechanisms Of Decision Making
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Evolution And The Mechanisms Of Decision Making
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Author : Peter Hammerstein
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2024-03-19
Evolution And The Mechanisms Of Decision Making written by Peter Hammerstein and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-19 with Psychology categories.
A multidisciplinary examination of cognitive mechanisms, shaped over evolutionary time through natural selection, that govern decision making. How do we make decisions? Conventional decision theory tells us only which behavioral choices we ought to make if we follow certain axioms. In real life, however, our choices are governed by cognitive mechanisms shaped over evolutionary time through the process of natural selection. Evolution has created strong biases in how and when we process information, and it is these evolved cognitive building blocks—from signal detection and memory to individual and social learning—that provide the foundation for our choices. An evolutionary perspective thus sheds necessary light on the nature of how we and other animals make decisions. This volume—with contributors from a broad range of disciplines, including evolutionary biology, psychology, economics, anthropology, neuroscience, and computer science—offers a multidisciplinary examination of what evolution can tell us about our and other animals' mechanisms of decision making. Human children, for example, differ from chimpanzees in their tendency to over-imitate others and copy obviously useless actions; this divergence from our primate relatives sets up imitation as one of the important mechanisms underlying human decision making. The volume also considers why and when decision mechanisms are robust, why they vary across individuals and situations, and how social life affects our decisions.
Efficient Cognition
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Author : Armin W. Schulz
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2018-02-09
Efficient Cognition written by Armin W. Schulz and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-09 with Psychology categories.
An argument that representational decision making is more cognitively efficient, allowing an organism to adjust more easily to changes in the environment. Many organisms (including humans) make decisions by relying on mental representations. Not simply a reaction triggered by perception, representational decision making employs high-level, non-perceptual mental states with content to manage interactions with the environment. A person making a decision based on mental representations, for example, takes a step back from her perceptions at the time to assess the nature of the world she lives in. But why would organisms rely on representational decision making, and what evolutionary benefits does this reliance provide to the decision maker? In Efficient Cognition, Armin Schulz argues that representational decision making can be more cognitively efficient than non-representational decision making. Specifically, he shows that a key driver in the evolution of representational decision making is that mental representations can enable an organism to save cognitive resources and adjust more efficiently to changed environments. After laying out the foundations of his argument—clarifying the central questions, the characterization of representational decision making, and the relevance of an evidential form of evolutionary psychology—Schulz presents his account of the evolution of representational decision making and critically considers some of the existing accounts of the subject. He then applies his account to three open questions concerning the nature of representational decision making: the extendedness of decision making, and when we should expect cognition to extend into the environment; the specialization of decision making and the use of simple heuristics; and the psychological sources of altruistic behaviors.
Structure Evidence And Heuristic
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Author : Armin W. Schulz
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2020-04-22
Structure Evidence And Heuristic written by Armin W. Schulz and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-22 with Science categories.
This book is the first systematic treatment of the philosophy of science underlying evolutionary economics. It does not advocate an evolutionary approach towards economics, but rather assesses the epistemic value of appealing to evolutionary biology in economics more generally. The author divides work in evolutionary economics into three distinct, albeit related, forms: a structural form, an evidential form, and a heuristic form. He then analyzes five examples of work in evolutionary economics falling under these three forms. For the structural form, he examines the parallelism between natural selection and economic decision making, and the parallelism between natural selection and market competition. For the evidential form, he looks at the relationship between animal and human economic decision making, and the evolutionary explanation of diversity in human economic decision making. Finally, for the heuristic form, he focuses on the plausibility of equilibrium modeling in evolutionary ecology and economics. In this way, he shows that linking evolutionary biology and economics can make for a powerful methodological tool that can enable progress in our understanding of various economics questions. Structure, Evidence, and Heuristic will be of interest to scholars and advanced students working in philosophy of science, philosophy of social science, evolutionary biology, and economics.
Development Of An Anticipating Decision Making System Using Evolution And Learning
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2006-01-15
Development Of An Anticipating Decision Making System Using Evolution And Learning written by and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-01-15 with Computers categories.
The target of this thesis was to develop an anticipating and learning deci- human decision sion making system for competitive decision problems. Humans are so- making as model phisticated decision makers – they are not purely stimulus-driven, but internally simulate possible strategies and consequences before their execution. To allow the integration of environmental changes into this simulation (e.g. represented by a dynamic opponent in a competitive interaction), an imitator model is built. This allows to adapt the different available decision strategies, which humans have in mind, to a dynamically changing environment. After an evaluation according to personal preferences the resulting decision is made. These decision making concepts allow humans to make very exible and robust decisions. Neurobiological ndings cannot provide detailed guidelines for the development of a system. Nevertheless hypotheses regarding the general architectural approach can be translated into arti cial systems.
Cognitive Ecology
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Author : Reuven Dukas
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 1998-07-06
Cognitive Ecology written by Reuven Dukas and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-07-06 with Science categories.
How does the environment shape the ways an animal processes information and makes decisions? How do constraints imposed on nervous systems affect an animal's activities? To help answer these questions, Cognitive Ecology integrates evolutionary ecology and cognitive science, demonstrating how studies of perception, memory, and learning can deepen our understanding of animal behavior and ecology. Individual chapters consider such issues as the evolution of learning and its influence on behavior; the effects of cognitive mechanisms on the evolution of signaling behavior; how neurobiological and evolutionary processes have shaped navigational activities; functional and mechanical explanations for altered behaviors in response to changing environments; how foragers make decisions and how these decisions are influenced by the risks of predation; and how cognitive mechanisms affect partner choice. Cognitive Ecology will encourage biologists to consider how animal cognition affects behavior, and will also interest comparative psychologists and cognitive scientists.
Decision Science For Future Earth
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Author : Tetsukazu Yahara
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-01-29
Decision Science For Future Earth written by Tetsukazu Yahara and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-29 with Nature categories.
This open access book provides a theoretical framework and case studies on decision science for regional sustainability by integrating the natural and social sciences. The cases discussed include solution-oriented transdisciplinary studies on the environment, disasters, health, governance and human cooperation. Based on these case studies and comprehensive reviews of relevant works, including lessons learned from past failures for predictable surprises and successes in adaptive co-management, the book provides the reader with new perspectives on how we can co-design collaborative projects with various conflicts of interest and how we can transform our society for a sustainable future. The book makes a valuable contribution to the global research initiative Future Earth, promoting transdisciplinary studies to bridge the gap between science and society in knowledge generation processes and supporting efforts to achieve the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Compared to other publications on transdisciplinary studies, this book is unique in that evolutionary biology is used as an integrator for various areas related to human decision-making, and approaches social changes as processes of adaptive learning and evolution. Given its scope, the book is highly recommended to all readers seeking an integrated overview of human decision-making in the context of social transformation.
Epistemology Of Decision
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Author : Mario Graziano
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-09-14
Epistemology Of Decision written by Mario Graziano and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-14 with Science categories.
This book carries out an epistemological analysis of the decision, including a critical analysis through the continuous reference to an interdisciplinary approach including a synthesis of philosophical approaches, biology and neuroscience. Besides this it represents the analysis of causality here seen not from the formal point of view, but from the "embodied" point of view.
Decision Making
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Author : Mauro Maldonato
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Decision Making written by Mauro Maldonato and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Education categories.
Since the dawn of time, human beings have had to make decisions. Wise or foolish, thoughtful or instinctive, altruistic or selfish, and from the most simple to the most complex, decision-making enables people to confront and overcome constant environmental challenges. Yet, despite the momentousness of decision-making in adaptability terms, men and women ignore the actual process that takes place in their minds when, for example, they invest in the stock market, buy a car, trust a person they just met, or simply decide to go to the movies. While some decisions are taken in a few seconds (when we act impulsively without time to evaluate the process), other decisions require considerable cognitive effort and accurate cost-benefit analysis. But is it only the optimal decision that deserves to be called rational? If this is the case, how then can we explain the wisdom of our instincts, of our emotions, of our 'sixth sense?' Moreover, what is the role of subjectivity, free will, desire, or culture in the decision-making process? Research on decision-making has had a long and controversial history. The idea of a perfect rationality has more recently given way to the idea of a rationality conscious of its incompleteness, to a process that cannot be expressed or conceived in logical or rational terms. In this ground-breaking book, author Mauro Maldonato reinterprets the secular controversy about the nature of human decision-making in light of recent discoveries in cognitive neurosciences and new research (neuroeconomics and neuroethics). At the end of this literary excursion - along a stunning archipelago of rationality, morality, emotion, and consciousness - the reader is provided with the means to view and assess personal decision-making and resultant action in a completely different way: a way that impacts positively on human interaction and psychological wholeness.
Animal Behaviour Evolution And Mechanisms
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Author : Nils Anthes
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2010-04-03
Animal Behaviour Evolution And Mechanisms written by Nils Anthes and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-04-03 with Science categories.
This up-to-date review examines key areas of animal behaviour, including communication, cognition, conflict, cooperation, sexual selection and behavioural variation. Various tests are covered, including recent empirical examples.
Mate Choice
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Author : Gil G. Rosenthal
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2017-07-18
Mate Choice written by Gil G. Rosenthal and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-18 with Science categories.
A major new look at the evolution of mating decisions in organisms from protozoans to humans The popular consensus on mate choice has long been that females select mates likely to pass good genes to offspring. In Mate Choice, Gil Rosenthal overturns much of this conventional wisdom. Providing the first synthesis of the topic in more than three decades, and drawing from a wide range of fields, including animal behavior, evolutionary biology, social psychology, neuroscience, and economics, Rosenthal argues that "good genes" play a relatively minor role in shaping mate choice decisions and demonstrates how mate choice is influenced by genetic factors, environmental effects, and social interactions. Looking at diverse organisms, from protozoans to humans, Rosenthal explores how factors beyond the hunt for good genes combine to produce an endless array of preferences among species and individuals. He explains how mating decisions originate from structural constraints on perception and from nonsexual functions, and how single organisms benefit or lose from their choices. Both the origin of species and their fusion through hybridization are strongly influenced by direct selection on preferences in sexual and nonsexual contexts. Rosenthal broadens the traditional scope of mate choice research to encompass not just animal behavior and behavioral ecology but also neurobiology, the social sciences, and other areas. Focusing on mate choice mechanisms, rather than the traits they target, Mate Choice offers a groundbreaking perspective on the proximate and ultimate forces determining the evolutionary fate of species and populations.