Evolution Genomic Adaptation Of Emerging And Re Emerging Rna Viruses
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Evolution Genomic Adaptation Of Emerging And Re Emerging Rna Viruses
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Author : Kai Huang
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-01-06
Evolution Genomic Adaptation Of Emerging And Re Emerging Rna Viruses written by Kai Huang and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-01-06 with Science categories.
The Evolution And Emergence Of Rna Viruses
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Author : Edward C. Holmes
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2009-06-25
The Evolution And Emergence Of Rna Viruses written by Edward C. Holmes and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-25 with Medical categories.
RNA viruses provide unique insights into the patterns and processes of evolutionary change in real time. The study of viral evolution is especially topical given the growing awareness that emerging and re-emerging diseases (most of which are caused by RNA viruses) represent a major threat to public health. However, while the study of viral evolution has developed rapidly in the last 30 years, relatively little attention has been directed toward linking work on the mechanisms of viral evolution within cells or individual hosts, to the epidemiological outcomes of these processes. This novel book fills this gap by considering the patterns and processes of viral evolution across their entire range of spatial and temporal scales. The Evolution and Emergence of RNA Viruses provides a comprehensive overview of RNA virus evolution, with a particular focus on genomic and phylogenetic approaches. This is the first book to link mechanisms of viral evolution with disease dynamics, using high-profile examples in emergence and evolution such as influenza, HIV, dengue fever, and rabies. It also reveals the underlying evolutionary processes by which emerging viruses cross species boundaries and spread in new hosts.
Highly Mutable Animal Rna Viruses Adaptation And Evolution
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Author : Akio Adachi
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2017-11-30
Highly Mutable Animal Rna Viruses Adaptation And Evolution written by Akio Adachi and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-30 with Electronic book categories.
Viruses are widely present in nature, and numerous viral species with a variety of unique characteristics have been identified so far. Even now, new emerging or re-emerging viruses are being found or re-found as novel viral classes or as quasi-species. Indeed, viruses are everywhere. Of note, viruses are pivotal as targets and tools of basic and applied sciences. On one hand, portions of the viruses are infectious for animals including humans, and cause various diseases in infected hosts by distinct mechanisms and at a different level of severity. While many of viruses are known to co-exist quietly with their hosts, pathogenic viruses certainly affect and threaten our society as well as individuals to provoke serious medical or economic attention. We should act against certain dreadful and highly infectious viruses as a global problem. Animal RNA viruses can readily mutate to adapt themselves in their hostile environments for their survival. Resultant viruses may sometimes show essentially altered phenotypes from the original parental strains. This fundamental and general property of animal RNA viruses represents major extensive issues of scientific, medical, and/or economic importance. In this Research Topic, we have focused on the high mutability of animal RNA viruses, and selected relevant articles on animal viruses of broad-ranges such as primate lentiviruses, influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, rabies virus, norovirus, picornaviruses, and picobirnavirus. Each article has taken up intriguing aspects of the subject viruses. We are sure that readers acquire important information on virus mutation, adaptation, diversification, and evolution, and hope that researchers in the field related to virology gain some solid hints from the reported articles for further virological and /or medical studies. Finally, we thank all the contributing researchers in this Research Topic, entitled “Highly Mutable Animal RNA Viruses: Adaptation and Evolution”, for their elegant and interesting works.
The Evolution And Emergence Of Rna Viruses
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Author : Edward C. Holmes
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2009-06-25
The Evolution And Emergence Of Rna Viruses written by Edward C. Holmes and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-25 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
While the study of viral evolution has developed rapidly in the last 30 years, little attention has been directed toward linking the mechanisms of viral evolution to the epidemiological outcomes of these processes. This book intends to fill this gap by considering the patterns and processes of viral evolution at all its spatial and temporal scales.
Embracing Randomness
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Author : Katarina Marie Braun
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Embracing Randomness written by Katarina Marie Braun and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Pathogenic RNA viruses emerging from zoonotic reservoirs are among the highest threats for global infectious disease control. Every single major epidemic or pandemic in the 21st century has resulted from an emerging or re-emerging zoonotic RNA virus. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome virus 1 (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2003, a novel pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in 2009, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 and 2015, Ebola in 2014, Zika virus in 2015, Yellow fever virus in 2016, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. It is clear the primary drivers of the emergence of these zoonotic RNA viruses are increasing globalization, habitat fragmentation, and encroachment of a continuously growing human population into wildlife habitats 1. It is notable that this increased interaction between humans and animals likely increases the risk of interspecies transmission among a large number of potential pathogens, yet RNA viruses are the dominant source of emerging human pathogens 2. The capacity for RNA viruses to rapidly adapt to new host environments and to respond to shifting selective pressures is not completely understood. Current dogma suggests this trait is tied to short generation times and high mutation rates resulting from error-prone viral replication. RNA virus mutability creates diverse viral populations which are more capable than homogenous populations of adapting to new hosts and host environments 3. However, the generation of viral variation is only the first step. Individual mutations that confer fitness benefits in particular environments must then increase in frequency and/or make their way out of individual hosts and into populations. This stage presents several obstacles that the virus must overcome and is therefore likely to be rate-limiting for the overall pace of viral evolution and host-switching. The first three chapters (chapters 2-4) of this dissertation focus on investigating the evolutionary processes by which zoonotic RNA viruses adapt to mammalian hosts. The results of this work call attention to several significant obstacles that zoonotic RNA viruses must overcome in order to successfully and efficiently emerge in and adapt to human hosts. I suggest these obstacles all derive from the effects of randomness on viral systems. The cumulative impact of these obstacles has critical implications in assessing the pandemic potential of viruses that have already caused human epidemics, like avian influenza viruses, and the adaptive potential of the current pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2. The final two chapters (chapters 5-6) of this dissertation discuss our work combining principles of viral evolution with epidemiology and population health to investigate the early patterns of SARS-CoV-2 spread in the state of Wisconsin. Taken together, this work suggests the effects of randomness on viral populations within and between individual hosts are a previously underappreciated brake to the pace of viral adaptation and host-switching for influenza A virus (IAV) and SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, this work underscores the value of genomic epidemiology early in a pandemic to understand patterns of viral transmission in different populations and to assess the impact of public health guidelines and interventions on a rolling basis.
Origin And Evolution Of Viruses
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Author : Esteban Domingo
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2008-06-23
Origin And Evolution Of Viruses written by Esteban Domingo and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-06-23 with Science categories.
New viral diseases are emerging continuously. Viruses adapt to new environments at astounding rates. Genetic variability of viruses jeopardizes vaccine efficacy. For many viruses mutants resistant to antiviral agents or host immune responses arise readily, for example, with HIV and influenza. These variations are all of utmost importance for human and animal health as they have prevented us from controlling these epidemic pathogens. This book focuses on the mechanisms that viruses use to evolve, survive and cause disease in their hosts. Covering human, animal, plant and bacterial viruses, it provides both the basic foundations for the evolutionary dynamics of viruses and specific examples of emerging diseases. NEW - methods to establish relationships among viruses and the mechanisms that affect virus evolution UNIQUE - combines theoretical concepts in evolution with detailed analyses of the evolution of important virus groups SPECIFIC - Bacterial, plant, animal and human viruses are compared regarding their interation with their hosts
Diversity And Evolution Of Rna Viruses During Infection And Transmission In Mammals
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Author : Luis Antonio Haddock-Soto III
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Diversity And Evolution Of Rna Viruses During Infection And Transmission In Mammals written by Luis Antonio Haddock-Soto III and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Many RNA viruses constantly threaten global public health security and stability. Over the past 150 years, nearly 100 million human deaths have been documented due to emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses. Factors like viral mutation rates, limited proofreading activity, and the exponential growth of viral populations provide some of the necessary tools for viral diversification and evolution, with transmission playing a critical role in carrying this diversity to new and susceptible hosts. In typical infections, we often observe limited diversity within a host. In addition, dramatic reductions in diversity are observed following transmission. These two events appear to slow the pace of viral evolution within and between individuals. However, global patterns of viral evolution suggest that selective processes lead to the accumulation of genetic variants with advantages that results in their rapid evolution. This dissertation will involve an in-depth study of within- and between-host diversity and evolution, attempting to correlate and make inferences on the evolutionary trajectories of viral populations and their diversity at different scales. Using custom libraries of influenza viruses, deep sequencing approaches, and customized bioinformatics workflows, we show that viral populations are subjected to varying levels of compartmentalization, multiple genetic bottlenecks, and heterogeneous replication within different animal models. These findings suggest that viruses within an individual may exist as independent or isolated subpopulations, each subjected to genetic bottlenecks and stochastic sampling that limit population diversity and evolution. We also observe narrow bottlenecks dominating direct contact transmission events between hosts infected with mammalian-adapted and zoonotic viruses. The evolution of avian H7N9 influenza viruses appears to be constrained by a combination of purifying selection acting within hosts, the stochastic transmission of genetic variants to new hosts, as well as narrow transmission bottlenecks. In mammalian-adapted viruses, we also observe that additional genetic bottlenecks tend to sharply reduce population diversity leading to as low as two viral lineages dominating the infection, suggesting that the effects of genetic drift and founder effects exacerbate the reduction of diversity that resulted from transmission. Taken together, the work presented in this dissertation has taken advantage of traceable viral populations, recent improvements in sequencing technologies, applications of genomic epidemiology, bioinformatics, and analytical approaches, to quantify and characterize viral diversity and evolution, aiming to bridge the gap between evolution across different scales.
Novel And Re Emerging Respiratory Viral Diseases
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Author : Gregory R. Bock
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-30
Novel And Re Emerging Respiratory Viral Diseases written by Gregory R. Bock and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-30 with Science categories.
The past decade has seen mounting global concern regarding viral outbreaks such as SARS, avian influenza and West Nile virus. In 2004 and 2005, reports of bird-to-human, and possible human-to-human, transmissions of the H5N1 influenza viruses raised fears that these viruses could cause a pandemic on the scale of the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. Previous to this, a novel coronavirus had been identified as the aetiological agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a new respiratory viral disease that emerged at the end of 2002 and caused profound disturbances in over 30 countries worldwide in 2003. It is not known whether the SARS coronavirus will re-emerge, especially since its origins and potential reservoir(s) are unresolved. However, these outbreaks have shown that these viruses can emerge in any part of the world at any time. This book critically evaluates the latest scientific evidence on novel or re-emerging viral diseases and brings together contributions from world experts on this topic, explaining best practice in their area, and discussing lessons learned and how best to collaborate to prevent and control future outbreaks. Topics covered include: the latest advances in virology, particularly in the area of epidemiology diagnostics animal models for viral infection antiviral and vaccine development Novel and Re-emerging Respiratory Viral Diseases offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary account of all aspects of the topic, from basic molecular biology to public health issues, and is therefore essential reading for virologists, infectious disease specialists, public health managers, researchers and epidemiologists, as well as those working in vaccine development, pharmaceutical medicine and drug discovery
Evolutionary Genomics Of Emerging Rna Viruses
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Author : Eleca J. Dunham
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Evolutionary Genomics Of Emerging Rna Viruses written by Eleca J. Dunham and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Wildlife And Emerging Zoonotic Diseases The Biology Circumstances And Consequences Of Cross Species Transmission
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Author : James E. Childs
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2010-11-30
Wildlife And Emerging Zoonotic Diseases The Biology Circumstances And Consequences Of Cross Species Transmission written by James E. Childs and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-30 with Medical categories.
This volume offers an overview of the processes of zoonotic viral emergence, the intricacies of host/virus interactions, and the role of biological transitions and modifying factors. The themes introduced here are amplified and explored in detail by the contributing authors, who explore the mechanisms and unique circumstances by which evolution, biology, history, and current context have contrived to drive the emergence of different zoonotic agents by a series of related events.
