Expert Consensus In Science
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Expert Consensus In Science
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Author : Anthony Jorm
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-12-13
Expert Consensus In Science written by Anthony Jorm and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-12-13 with Social Science categories.
This Open Access book shows how expert consensus pervades all areas of science. It explores, in particular, the role of consensus in establishing scientific truth, in guiding professional practice and policy and agreeing on what are acceptable scientific methodologies. For some scientific issues, a consensus forms spontaneously among scientists working on a topic, while for others, where the issues are complex, a formal deliberative consensus process is commonly needed. Deliberative consensus processes are becoming more important as scientists increasingly deal with complex multi-disciplinary issues of policy importance such as climate change due to human activity. While deliberative consensus processes are commonly used, they often lead to criticism from consensus skeptics. The book argues that deliberative consensus processes in science can be improved and proposes a number of realistic ways forward, ending with a discussion of whether communicating the scientific consensus on a topic is a good way to persuade the public.
Science On Stage
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Author : Stephen Hilgartner
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Release Date : 2000
Science On Stage written by Stephen Hilgartner and has been published by Stanford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Science categories.
Behind today's headlines stands an unobtrusive army of science advisors—panels of scientific, medical, and engineering experts evaluate the safety of the food we eat, the drugs we take, and the cars we drive. This book studies, theoretically and empirically, the social process through which the credibility of expert advice is produced, challenged, and sustained.
The Routledge Companion To Philosophy Of Medicine
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Author : Miriam Solomon
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2016-10-04
The Routledge Companion To Philosophy Of Medicine written by Miriam Solomon and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-04 with Philosophy categories.
The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine is a comprehensive guide to topics in the fields of epistemology and metaphysics of medicine. It examines traditional topics such as the concept of disease, causality in medicine, the epistemology of the randomized controlled trial, the biopsychosocial model, explanation, clinical judgment and phenomenology of medicine and emerging topics, such as philosophy of epidemiology, measuring harms, the concept of disability, nursing perspectives, race and gender, the metaphysics of Chinese medicine, and narrative medicine. Each of the 48 chapters is written especially for this volume and with a student audience in mind. For pedagogy and clarity, each chapter contains an extended example illustrating the ideas discussed. This text is intended for use as a reference for students in courses in philosophy of medicine and philosophy of science, and pairs well with The Routledge Companion to Bioethics for use in medical humanities and social science courses.
The Epistemology Of Experts
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Author : Peter Brössel
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2025-08-28
The Epistemology Of Experts written by Peter Brössel and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-08-28 with Philosophy categories.
This volume presents new research on the epistemology of experts. It features original essays from leading epistemologists on this timely topic. Modern societies benefit significantly from a certain kind of epistemic division of labor: they outsource much of their epistemic work to well-trained cognitive experts. However, due to their degree of specialization, cognitive sophistication, and highly privileged status, cognitive experts tend to become alienated from laypeople. This leads to what one may call the paradox of experts: as experts become more competent, specialized, and sophisticated, the harder it will be for laypeople to identify and trust experts. The chapters in this volume explore the epistemology of expert judgment across several core themes and crucial questions: Analysis of Experts: What does it take to be a cognitive expert? Epistemic Authority: How much should we concede experts over laypeople? The Social Roles of Experts: What role do experts play in society, and what role should they play? Challenges: What problems arise from experts’ epistemic authority and societal role? The Epistemology of Experts is an essential resource for scholars and advanced students working in epistemology, philosophy of science, political philosophy, and the sociology of knowledge.
Scientific Method And Critical Thinking
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Author : Virversity Online Courses
language : en
Publisher: eBookIt.com
Release Date : 2025-05-29
Scientific Method And Critical Thinking written by Virversity Online Courses and has been published by eBookIt.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-05-29 with Psychology categories.
Explore the essential principles of scientific inquiry and develop strong critical thinking skills with this comprehensive course on the Scientific Method and Critical Thinking. Designed to enhance your analytical abilities, this course equips you with tools to conduct reliable experiments, evaluate evidence effectively, and communicate results clearly. Master Scientific Methods and Enhance Critical Thinking Skills Learn how to formulate testable hypotheses based on observations. Design experiments with controlled variables to ensure accurate results. Develop data collection and analysis skills for valid conclusions. Identify common logical fallacies and maintain objectivity in reasoning. Understand basic statistics and distinguish correlation from causation. Gain insight into the importance of peer review and replication in science. Improve your scientific communication through effective writing and presentations. Apply critical thinking skills beyond the laboratory in everyday decision-making. This course provides an in-depth study of the scientific method intertwined with the development of critical thinking capabilities. This course begins with a clear introduction to the foundations of scientific inquiry, explaining how careful observation leads to the formulation of reliable, testable hypotheses. You will learn how to design experiments thoughtfully, controlling variables to minimize errors and maximize the reliability of your findings. Emphasis is placed on the best practices in collecting and recording data, allowing for thorough and accurate analysis of experimental results. In addition to experimental skills, you will explore essential aspects of critical thinking – from spotting common logical fallacies to evaluating the quality and credibility of evidence. The course provides a framework for maintaining scientific integrity by understanding bias and objectivity. Furthermore, you will become familiar with basic statistical concepts and the crucial distinction between correlation and causation, which are often misunderstood in interpreting data. Beyond data and experiments, the course covers the scientific process itself, including peer review, replication, and effective communication of scientific results through clear writing and presentations. Lastly, the course highlights how these critical thinking skills can be applied in everyday life, helping you make reasoned decisions outside the scientific context. Upon completing this course, you will have developed a solid understanding of the scientific method combined with advanced critical thinking skills, empowering you to approach problems systematically, evaluate information carefully, and communicate findings confidently. These abilities will not only strengthen your academic and professional pursuits but also enrich your daily reasoning and decision-making.
Science Outside The Laboratory
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Author : Marcel Boumans
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2015-05-01
Science Outside The Laboratory written by Marcel Boumans and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-01 with Business & Economics categories.
The conduct of most of social science occurs outside the laboratory. Such studies in field science explore phenomena that cannot for practical, technical, or ethical reasons be explored under controlled conditions. These phenomena cannot be fully isolated from their environment or investigated by manipulation or intervention. Yet measurement, including rigorous or clinical measurement, does provide analysts with a sound basis for discerning what occurs under field conditions, and why. In Science Outside the Laboratory, Marcel Boumans explores the state of measurement theory, its reliability, and the role expert judgment plays in field investigations from the perspective of the philosophy of science. Its discussion of the problems of passive observation, the calculus of observation, the two-model problem, and model-based consensus uses illustrations drawn primarily from economics. Rich in research and discussion, the volume clarifies the extent to which measurement provides valid information about objects and events in field sciences, but also has implications for measurement in the laboratory. Scholars in the fields of philosophy of science, social science, and economics will find Science Outside the Laboratory a compelling and informative read.
Designing Knowledge Organizations
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Author : Joseph Morabito
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2017-07-19
Designing Knowledge Organizations written by Joseph Morabito and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-19 with Technology & Engineering categories.
A pedagogical approach to the principles and architecture of knowledge management in organizations This textbook is based on a graduate course taught at Stevens Institute of Technology. It focuses on the design and management of today's complex K organizations. A K organization is any company that generates and applies knowledge. The text takes existing ideas from organizational design and knowledge management to enhance and elevate each through harmonization with concepts from other disciplines. The authors—noted experts in the field—concentrate on both micro- and macro design and their interrelationships at individual, group, work, and organizational levels. A key feature of the textbook is an incisive discussion of the cultural, practice, and social aspects of knowledge management. The text explores the processes, tools, and infrastructures by which an organization can continuously improve, maintain, and exploit all elements of its knowledge base that are most relevant to achieve its strategic goals. The book seamlessly intertwines the disciplines of organizational design and knowledge management and offers extensive discussions, illustrative examples, student exercises, and visualizations. The following major topics are addressed: Knowledge management, intellectual capital, and knowledge systems Organizational design, behavior, and architecture Organizational strategy, change, and development Leadership and innovation Organizational culture and learning Social networking, communications, and collaboration Strategic human resources; e.g., hiring K workers and performance reviews Knowledge science, thinking, and creativity Philosophy of knowledge and information Information, knowledge, social, strategy, and contract continuums Information management and intelligent systems; e.g., business intelligence, big data, and cognitive systems Designing Knowledge Organizations takes an interdisciplinary and original approach to assess and synthesize the disciplines of knowledge management and organizational design, drawing upon conceptual underpinnings and practical experiences in these and related areas.
Is There A God
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Author : Graham Oppy
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-10-12
Is There A God written by Graham Oppy and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-12 with Philosophy categories.
Bertrand Russell famously quipped that he didn’t believe in God for the same reason that he didn’t believe in a teapot in orbit between the earth and Mars: it is a bizarre assertion for which no evidence can be provided. Is belief in God really like belief in Russell’s teapot? Kenneth L. Pearce argues that God is no teapot. God is a real answer to the deepest question of all: why is there something rather than nothing? Graham Oppy argues that we should believe that there are none but natural causal entities with none but natural causal properties—and hence should believe that there are no gods. Beginning from this basic disagreement, the authors proceed to discuss and debate a wide range of philosophical questions, including questions about explanation, necessity, rationality, religious experience, mathematical objects, the foundations of ethics, and the methodology of philosophy. Each author first presents his own side, and then they interact through two rounds of objections and replies. Pedagogical features include standard form arguments, section summaries, bolded key terms and principles, a glossary, and annotated reading lists. In the volume foreword, Helen De Cruz calls the debate "both edifying and a joy," and sums up what’s at stake: "Here you have two carefully formulated positive proposals for worldviews that explain all that is: classical theism, or naturalistic atheism. You can follow along with the authors and deliberate: which one do you find more plausible?" Though written with beginning students in mind, this debate will be of interest to philosophers at all levels and to anyone who values careful, rational thought about the nature of reality and our place in it.
A Companion To Applied Philosophy
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Author : Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2016-09-14
A Companion To Applied Philosophy written by Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-14 with Philosophy categories.
Applied philosophy has been a growing area of research for the last 40 years. Until now, however, almost all of this research has been centered around the field of ethics. A Companion to Applied Philosophy breaks new ground, demonstrating that all areasof philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of science, and philosophy of mind, can be applied, and are relevant to questions of everyday life. This perennial topic in philosophy provides an overview of these various applied philosophy developments, highlighting similarities and differences between various areas of applied philosophy, and examining the very nature of this topic. It is an area to which many of the towering figures in the history of philosophy have contributed, and this timely Companion demonstrates how various historical contributions are actually contributions within applied philosophy, even if they are not traditionally seen as such. The Companion contains 42 essays covering major areas of philosophy; the articles themselves are all original contributions to the literature and represent the state of the art on this topic, as well as offering a map to the current debates.
Trust And Infrastructure In Scholarly Communications
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Author : Daniel W. Hook
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-01-06
Trust And Infrastructure In Scholarly Communications written by Daniel W. Hook and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-06 with Science categories.