Expert Consensus In Science
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Expert Consensus In Science
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Author : Anthony Jorm
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-12-13
Expert Consensus In Science written by Anthony Jorm and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-12-13 with Social Science categories.
This Open Access book shows how expert consensus pervades all areas of science. It explores, in particular, the role of consensus in establishing scientific truth, in guiding professional practice and policy and agreeing on what are acceptable scientific methodologies. For some scientific issues, a consensus forms spontaneously among scientists working on a topic, while for others, where the issues are complex, a formal deliberative consensus process is commonly needed. Deliberative consensus processes are becoming more important as scientists increasingly deal with complex multi-disciplinary issues of policy importance such as climate change due to human activity. While deliberative consensus processes are commonly used, they often lead to criticism from consensus skeptics. The book argues that deliberative consensus processes in science can be improved and proposes a number of realistic ways forward, ending with a discussion of whether communicating the scientific consensus on a topic is a good way to persuade the public.
The Routledge Companion To Philosophy Of Medicine
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Author : Miriam Solomon
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2016-10-04
The Routledge Companion To Philosophy Of Medicine written by Miriam Solomon and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-04 with Philosophy categories.
The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine is a comprehensive guide to topics in the fields of epistemology and metaphysics of medicine. It examines traditional topics such as the concept of disease, causality in medicine, the epistemology of the randomized controlled trial, the biopsychosocial model, explanation, clinical judgment and phenomenology of medicine and emerging topics, such as philosophy of epidemiology, measuring harms, the concept of disability, nursing perspectives, race and gender, the metaphysics of Chinese medicine, and narrative medicine. Each of the 48 chapters is written especially for this volume and with a student audience in mind. For pedagogy and clarity, each chapter contains an extended example illustrating the ideas discussed. This text is intended for use as a reference for students in courses in philosophy of medicine and philosophy of science, and pairs well with The Routledge Companion to Bioethics for use in medical humanities and social science courses.
Science In A Democratic Society
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Author : Philip Kitcher
language : en
Publisher: Prometheus Books
Release Date : 2011-09-20
Science In A Democratic Society written by Philip Kitcher and has been published by Prometheus Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-20 with Science categories.
In this successor to his pioneering Science, Truth, and Democracy, the author revisits the topic explored in his previous work—namely, the challenges of integrating science, the most successful knowledge-generating system of all time, with the problems of democracy. But in this new work, the author goes far beyond that earlier book in studying places at which the practice of science fails to answer social needs. He considers a variety of examples of pressing concern, ranging from climate change to religiously inspired constraints on biomedical research to the neglect of diseases that kill millions of children annually, analyzing the sources of trouble. He shows the fallacies of thinking that democracy always requires public debate of issues most people cannot comprehend, and argues that properly constituted expertise is essential to genuine democracy. No previous book has treated the place of science in democratic society so comprehensively and systematically, with attention to different aspects of science and to pressing problems of our times.
Expertise In Crisis
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Author : David S. Caudill
language : en
Publisher: Policy Press
Release Date : 2023-01-31
Expertise In Crisis written by David S. Caudill and has been published by Policy Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-31 with Science categories.
When the utility of masks or vaccinations became politicized during the COVID-19 pandemic and lost its mooring in scientific evidence, an already-developing crisis of expertise was exacerbated. Those who believe in consensus science wondered: “How can ‘those people’ not see the truth?” With a foreword by Harry Collins, this book shows that the crisis is not a "scientific" controversy, but an ideological dispute with "believers" on both sides. If the advocates for consensus science acknowledge the uncertainties involved, rather than insisting on cold, hard facts, it is possible to open a pathway towards interaction and communication, even persuasion, between world views. As the crisis of expertise continues to be a global issue, this will be an invaluable resource for readers concerned about polarized societies and the distrust of consensus science.
Scientific Method And Critical Thinking
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Author : Virversity Online Courses
language : en
Publisher: eBookIt.com
Release Date : 2025-05-29
Scientific Method And Critical Thinking written by Virversity Online Courses and has been published by eBookIt.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-05-29 with Psychology categories.
Explore the essential principles of scientific inquiry and develop strong critical thinking skills with this comprehensive course on the Scientific Method and Critical Thinking. Designed to enhance your analytical abilities, this course equips you with tools to conduct reliable experiments, evaluate evidence effectively, and communicate results clearly. Master Scientific Methods and Enhance Critical Thinking Skills Learn how to formulate testable hypotheses based on observations. Design experiments with controlled variables to ensure accurate results. Develop data collection and analysis skills for valid conclusions. Identify common logical fallacies and maintain objectivity in reasoning. Understand basic statistics and distinguish correlation from causation. Gain insight into the importance of peer review and replication in science. Improve your scientific communication through effective writing and presentations. Apply critical thinking skills beyond the laboratory in everyday decision-making. This course provides an in-depth study of the scientific method intertwined with the development of critical thinking capabilities. This course begins with a clear introduction to the foundations of scientific inquiry, explaining how careful observation leads to the formulation of reliable, testable hypotheses. You will learn how to design experiments thoughtfully, controlling variables to minimize errors and maximize the reliability of your findings. Emphasis is placed on the best practices in collecting and recording data, allowing for thorough and accurate analysis of experimental results. In addition to experimental skills, you will explore essential aspects of critical thinking – from spotting common logical fallacies to evaluating the quality and credibility of evidence. The course provides a framework for maintaining scientific integrity by understanding bias and objectivity. Furthermore, you will become familiar with basic statistical concepts and the crucial distinction between correlation and causation, which are often misunderstood in interpreting data. Beyond data and experiments, the course covers the scientific process itself, including peer review, replication, and effective communication of scientific results through clear writing and presentations. Lastly, the course highlights how these critical thinking skills can be applied in everyday life, helping you make reasoned decisions outside the scientific context. Upon completing this course, you will have developed a solid understanding of the scientific method combined with advanced critical thinking skills, empowering you to approach problems systematically, evaluate information carefully, and communicate findings confidently. These abilities will not only strengthen your academic and professional pursuits but also enrich your daily reasoning and decision-making.
The Epistemology Of Experts
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Author : Peter Brössel
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2025-08-28
The Epistemology Of Experts written by Peter Brössel and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-08-28 with Philosophy categories.
This volume presents new research on the epistemology of experts. It features original essays from leading epistemologists on this timely topic. Modern societies benefit significantly from a certain kind of epistemic division of labor: they outsource much of their epistemic work to well-trained cognitive experts. However, due to their degree of specialization, cognitive sophistication, and highly privileged status, cognitive experts tend to become alienated from laypeople. This leads to what one may call the paradox of experts: as experts become more competent, specialized, and sophisticated, the harder it will be for laypeople to identify and trust experts. The chapters in this volume explore the epistemology of expert judgment across several core themes and crucial questions: Analysis of Experts: What does it take to be a cognitive expert? Epistemic Authority: How much should we concede experts over laypeople? The Social Roles of Experts: What role do experts play in society, and what role should they play? Challenges: What problems arise from experts’ epistemic authority and societal role? The Epistemology of Experts is an essential resource for scholars and advanced students working in epistemology, philosophy of science, political philosophy, and the sociology of knowledge.
Questioning Experts And Expertise
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Author : Maria Baghramian
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2022-09-29
Questioning Experts And Expertise written by Maria Baghramian and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-29 with Philosophy categories.
The role of experts and their expertise, in our personal and social lives, has taken centre stage in the debates about our post-COVID-19 world. Scientific disinformation is rife, and expertise is badly needed to tackle highly complex social problems. This book brings together philosophers, sociologists and policy experts to discuss the nature, scope and limitations of expert advice in policy decisions. The chapters collected here address some of the most fundamental questions in the debate on the role of experts. They explore, among others, the definitions of expertise, the role of experts in modern democracies, the dilemma of choosing between equally competent and qualified experts who cannot agree, the objectivity of expert judgements, the relationship between experts and novices in polarised social settings and the conditions on the trustworthiness of experts. These explorations, by some of the best- known academics working in the field, highlight the complexities of the questions they address but also lay down a road map for addressing them. The chapters in this book were originally published in Social Epistemology: A Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Policy.
World Scientific Encyclopedia Of Climate Change Case Studies Of Climate Risk Action And Opportunity In 3 Volumes
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Author : Jan W Dash
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2021-03-18
World Scientific Encyclopedia Of Climate Change Case Studies Of Climate Risk Action And Opportunity In 3 Volumes written by Jan W Dash and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-18 with Science categories.
The Climate Change Encyclopedia responds to the outstanding risk, survival, and ethical issue of our time, requiring action and providing opportunity. Primary-source expert authors write in a unique case-study structure that enables the Encyclopedia to be approachable, informational, and motivational for the public. The key focus areas are Climate Change and Finance, Economics, and Policy, with many other related climate categories included. The over 100 case studies provide realistic and interesting views of climate change, based on authors' published papers, reports, and books, plus climate-related activities of organizations, and selected topics. This inspiring work can enhance optimism and courage to act urgently and persistently on climate change, with foresight for a livable future.For more information on the list of contributors, please refer to https://www.worldscientific.com/page/encyclopedia-of-climate-change.Related Link(s)
Judging Science
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Author : Kenneth R. Foster
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1999
Judging Science written by Kenneth R. Foster and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Law categories.
Attempting to reconcile the law's need for workable rules of evidence with the views of scientific validity and reliability. What is scientific knowledge and when is it reliable? These deceptively simple questions have been the source of endless controversy. In 1993, the Supreme Court handed down a landmark ruling on the use of scientific evidence in federal courts. Federal judges may admit expert scientific evidence only if it merits the label scientific knowledge. The testimony must be scientifically reliable and valid. This book is organized around the criteria set out in the 1993 ruling. Following a general overview, the authors look at issues of fit--whether a plausible theory relates specific facts to the larger factual issues in contention; philosophical concepts such as the falsifiability of scientific claims; scientific error; reliability in science, particularly in fields such as epidemiology and toxicology; the meaning of scientific validity; peer review and the problem of boundary setting; and the risks of confusion and prejudice when presenting science to a jury. The book's conclusion attempts to reconcile the law's need for workable rules of evidence with the views of scientific validity and reliability that emerge from science and other disciplines.
Making Medical Knowledge
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Author : Miriam Solomon
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2015-04-03
Making Medical Knowledge written by Miriam Solomon and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-03 with Science categories.
How is medical knowledge made? New methods for research and clinical care have reshaped the practices of medical knowledge production over the last forty years. Consensus conferences, evidence-based medicine, translational medicine, and narrative medicine are among the most prominent new methods. Making Medical Knowledge explores their origins and aims, their epistemic strengths, and their epistemic weaknesses. Miriam Solomon argues that the familiar dichotomy between the art and the science of medicine is not adequate for understanding this plurality of methods. The book begins by tracing the development of medical consensus conferences, from their beginning at the United States' National Institutes of Health in 1977, to their widespread adoption in national and international contexts. It discusses consensus conferences as social epistemic institutions designed to embody democracy and achieve objectivity. Evidence-based medicine, which developed next, ranks expert consensus at the bottom of the evidence hierarchy, thus challenging the authority of consensus conferences. Evidence-based medicine has transformed both medical research and clinical medicine in many positive ways, but it has also been accused of creating an intellectual hegemony that has marginalized crucial stages of scientific research, particularly scientific discovery. Translational medicine is understood as a response to the shortfalls of both consensus conferences and evidence-based medicine. Narrative medicine is the most prominent recent development in the medical humanities. Its central claim is that attention to narrative is essential for patient care. Solomon argues that the differences between narrative medicine and the other methods have been exaggerated, and offers a pluralistic account of how the all the methods interact and sometimes conflict. The result is both practical and theoretical suggestions for how to improve medical knowledge and understand medical controversies.