Expert Systems And Case Law
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Expert Systems And Case Law
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Author : Uri J. Schild
language : en
Publisher: Ellis Horwood
Release Date : 1992
Expert Systems And Case Law written by Uri J. Schild and has been published by Ellis Horwood this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Computers categories.
Detailing the difficulties of building expert systems for case law, this study examines two actual, implemented systems and describes how they provide only a partial answer to the problem. The author suggests areas where there could be considerable improvements.
Shyster A Pragmatic Legal Expert System
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Author : James Popple
language : en
Publisher: Australian National Univ.
Release Date : 1993-04-29
Shyster A Pragmatic Legal Expert System written by James Popple and has been published by Australian National Univ. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-04-29 with Computers categories.
Most legal expert systems attempt to implement complex models of legal reasoning. But the utility of a legal expert system lies not in the extent to which it simulates a lawyer’s approach to a legal problem, but in the quality of its predictions and of its arguments. A complex model of legal reasoning is not necessary: a successful legal expert system can be based upon a simplified model of legal reasoning. Some researchers have based their systems upon a jurisprudential approach to the law, yet lawyers are patently able to operate without any jurisprudential insight. A useful legal expert system should be capable of producing advice similar to that which one might get from a lawyer, so it should operate at the same pragmatic level of abstraction as does a lawyer—not at the more philosophical level of jurisprudence. A legal expert system called SHYSTER has been developed to demonstrate that a useful legal expert system can be based upon a pragmatic approach to the law. SHYSTER has a simple representation structure which simplifies the problem of knowledge acquisition. Yet this structure is complex enough for SHYSTER to produce useful advice. SHYSTER is a case-based legal expert system (although it has been designed so that it can be linked with a rule-based system to form a hybrid legal expert system). Its advice is based upon an examination of, and an argument about, the similarities and differences between cases. SHYSTER attempts to model the way in which lawyers argue with cases, but it does not attempt to model the way in which lawyers decide which cases to use in those arguments. Instead, it employs statistical techniques to quantify the similarity between cases. It decides which cases to use in argument, and what prediction it will make, on the basis of that similarity measure. SHYSTER is of a general design: it can provide advice in areas of case law that have been specified by a legal expert using a specification language. Hence, it can operate in different legal domains. Four different, and disparate, areas of law have been specified for SHYSTER, and its operation has been tested in each of those domains. Testing of SHYSTER in these four domains indicates that it is exceptionally good at predicting results, and fairly good at choosing cases with which to construct its arguments. SHYSTER demonstrates the viability of a pragmatic approach to legal expert system design.
Legal Expert Systems
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Author : Martina Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Legal Expert Systems written by Martina Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Expert systems (Computer science) categories.
Expert Systems In Law
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Author : Antonio Anselmo Martino
language : en
Publisher: North Holland
Release Date : 1992
Expert Systems In Law written by Antonio Anselmo Martino and has been published by North Holland this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Expert systems (Computer science) categories.
Informatics is a cross-roads of disciplines, but it is also a forge for implementations that are transforming our society because they are transforming all forms of production. Law is, without a doubt, a very important social application domain of informatics. In the volume presented here, legal knowledge is considered mainly from the lawyer's point of view while taking into account the implementation of expert systems. It is a review of the best known theories of the representation of legal orders and systems in the light of the possibility of using more advanced computer tools. A solution to the problem of how to represent legal knowledge in such a way that it can be used by the inference engine of an expert system for making calculations and arriving at consequences is also proposed.
A Hybrid Intelligent System Approach To Legal Reasoning
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Author : Pooja Raundale
language : en
Publisher: Mha Publisher
Release Date : 2023-09-23
A Hybrid Intelligent System Approach To Legal Reasoning written by Pooja Raundale and has been published by Mha Publisher this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-09-23 with categories.
Many legal expert systems are dependent on the concept of complex models. They are implemented using these complex models of legal reasoning. The legal expert systems are useful only if they are used by the users. The users of the expert systems are mainly common men, lawyers or any other person who is studying law. The usability of the Expert System predominantly depends on the quality factor of the system. A complex model of legal reasoning is not necessary; a successful legal expert system can be based upon a simplified model of legal reasoning. A useful legal expert system should be capable of producing advice similar to a lawyer, so it should operate at the same way as a lawyer works in his area. A legal expert system called NIRNAY has been developed to demonstrate that a useful legal expert system can be based upon a pragmatic approach to the law. NIRNAY is a Hybrid Intelligent System which uses two methods of reasoning to give the advice to the user of the system. NIRNAY has an Application layer above the two modules. These modules are Case Based Reasoner module and Rule Based Reasoner module. The rule base and case base are used for representation of knowledge about the domain. NIRNAY is a hybrid intelligent system in the sense that its advice is based upon the two methods of reasoning; it uses the Rule Based Reasoning and Case Based Reasoning to produce the advice. The first module i.e. RBR module checks the validity of the contract and the argument is produced by the CBR module for Breach of Building Contract, an argument, about the similarities and differences between cases. NIRNAY tries to use the way in which lawyers argue with cases. It also attempts to use the way in which lawyers decide which cases to use in the arguments. It makes use of 'similarity measure' to find the similarity between the cases. It decides which cases to use in argument, and what prediction it will make, on the basis of that similarity measure. NIRNAY is tested for both the modules and it indicates that it is exceptionally good at predicting results, and fairly good at choosing cases with which to construct its arguments. NIRNAY demonstrates the viability of a pragmatic approach to legal expert system design.
Legal Knowledge Representation Automatic Text Analysis In Public International And European Law
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Author : Erich Schweighofer
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 1999-10-19
Legal Knowledge Representation Automatic Text Analysis In Public International And European Law written by Erich Schweighofer and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-10-19 with Law categories.
This volume is a presentation of all methods of legal knowledge representation from the point of view of jurisprudence as well as computer science. A new method of automatic analysis of legal texts is presented in four case studies. Law is seen as an information system with legally formalised information processes. The achieved coverage of legal knowledge in information retrieval systems has to be followed by the next step: conceptual indexing and automatic analysis of texts. Existing approaches of automatic knowledge representations do not have a proper link to the legal language in information systems. The concept-based model for semi-automatic analysis of legal texts provides this necessary connection. The knowledge base of descriptors, context-sensitive rules and meta-rules formalises properly all important passages in the text corpora for automatic analysis. Statistics and self-organising maps give assistance in knowledge acquisition. The result of the analysis is organised with automatically generated hypertext links. Four case studies show the huge potential but also some drawbacks of this approach.
Knowledge Based Systems And Legal Applications
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Author : T.J.M. Bench-Capon
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2015-05-11
Knowledge Based Systems And Legal Applications written by T.J.M. Bench-Capon and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-11 with Computers categories.
This book compiles the experience of the largest project in knowledge-based systems and the law yet undertaken. It provides an in-depth introduction to representation of law in computer programs, as well as more advanced discussion and description of large knowledge-based systems building, legal representation, cooperative work, and interface design in the context of the project. Describes the world's largest KBS and law project Contains an authoritative survey of approaches to legal knowledge representation Outlines several prototype systems Discusses the integration of KBS and law issues with HCI and social implications
Knowledge Based Systems In Law In Search Of Methodologies And Tools
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Author : Albert Koers
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1989
Knowledge Based Systems In Law In Search Of Methodologies And Tools written by Albert Koers and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Computers categories.
This book is concerned with research on knowledge based systems in law from the perspective of law and lawyers, i. e. computer programs in which legal knowledge is represented in such a way that, in an interaction with the user, a legally valid conclusion is generated for a specific legal problem or question. The main purpose of this book is to contribute to academic dialogue by outlining a methodology and the related tools for the development of knowledge based systems as defined above.
Introduction To Expert Systems
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Author : Peter Jackson
language : en
Publisher: Addison Wesley Publishing Company
Release Date : 1999
Introduction To Expert Systems written by Peter Jackson and has been published by Addison Wesley Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Computers categories.
In May 1997, IBM's Deeper Blue defeated the world chess champion Gary Kasparov, showing that an artificial intelligence system can outplay even the most skilled of human experts. Since the first expert systems appeared in the late sixties, we have seen three decades of research and development engineer human knowledge to more practical ends, in a pioneering effort that has integrated diverse areas of cognitive and computer science. Today, expert systems exist in many forms, from medical diagnosis to investment analysis and from counseling to production control. This third edition of Peter Jackson's best-selling book updates the technological base of expert systems research and embeds those developments in a wide variety of application areas. The earlier chapters have been refocused to take a more practical approach to the basic topics, while the later chapters introduce new topic areas such as case-based reasoning, connectionist systems and hybrid systems. Results in related areas, such as machine learning and reasoning with uncertainty, are also accorded a thorough treatment. The new edition contains many new examples and exercises, most of which are in CLIPS, a language that combines production rules with object-oriented programming. LISP, PROLOG and C++ are also featured where appropriate. Interesting problems are posed throughout, and are solved in exercises involving the analysis, design and implementation of CLIPS programs. This book will prove useful to a wide readership including general readers, students and teachers, software engineers and researchers. Its modular structure enables readers to follow a pathway most suited to their needs, providing them with an up-to-date account of expert systems technology. Peter Jackson is Director of Research at West Group, a division of The Thomson Corporation and the leading provider of information to the US legal market. Peter drives the application of natural language and information retrieval technologies to the information needs of law and business. Previous appointments include Principal Scientist at the McDonnell Douglas Research Laboratories in Saint Louis, Missouri, and Lecturer in the Department of Artificial Intelligence at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Handbook On Artificial Intelligence And Expert Systems In Law Enforcement
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Author : Edward C. Ratledge
language : en
Publisher: Greenwood
Release Date : 1989-09-26
Handbook On Artificial Intelligence And Expert Systems In Law Enforcement written by Edward C. Ratledge and has been published by Greenwood this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-09-26 with Computers categories.
As the complexities and problems that plague law enforcement agencies continue to proliferate, the need to utilize every available tool has led to the application of expert systems to law enforcement activities. This first book to explore this application is both practical and conceptually clear as it explains the potential utility of expert systems and their impact on operations and management. Such systems can support command and control through computer-aided dispatching, assist in the solution of high volume crimes such as residential burglaries, aid in the design of programs for the apprehension and prosecution of career criminals and repeat offenders, upgrade personnel through enhanced training programs, and provide an improved method for the delivery of technical assistance and training services. Until now, literature to assist organizations that could benefit from this technology has been scarce. Ratledge and Jacoby have geared their discussions to a wide audience which includes both practitioners and the academic community. This handbook offers clear, systematic explanations of the applications of expert systems in the world of law enforcement. It discusses the impact of these systems on traditional ways of policing and crime solving, and details a set of practical guidelines for jurisdictions considering the use of expert systems. The text is designed to present information in an order that progresses from general to technical aspects of the subject. The first two chapters provide an overview of expert systems as they apply to different law enforcement areas and discuss the policy issues they create. The next section describes practical applications of expert systems in computer-aided dispatching, crime solving, and training. Chapter 4 explains the basic steps in building expert systems, its terminology, and general characteristics. Chapter 5 offers an introduction to artificial intelligence and its uses in problem solving and expert systems. Written with the expert systems designer or data processing manager in mind, Chapter 6 reviews the problems encountered in linking inferencing to data processing and the efficiencies and technical requirements of the system. In Chapter 7, a case study of the Baltimore County Police Department's expert system for residential burglaries is presented and the steps taken in the development of that system are described. Included in the valuable appendices are a list of vendors, two bibliographies including an annotated one relating to current policing issues and one dealing with technical publications, and a glossary. This timely handbook will enable practitioners in criminal justice to make informed decisions regarding the implementation of expert systems. It also provides up-to-the-minute information for computer system consultants and academicians and students in computer science and criminal justice administration.