Exploration Of Index Based Insurance For Smallholder Farmers In Mozambique

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Exploration Of Index Based Insurance For Smallholder Farmers In Mozambique

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Author : Israel Muchena
language : en
Publisher: AuthorHouse
Release Date : 2025-01-28

Exploration Of Index Based Insurance For Smallholder Farmers In Mozambique written by Israel Muchena and has been published by AuthorHouse this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-01-28 with Business & Economics categories.

The current seeds regulations in Mozambique specify, amongst other things, minimum required standards of germination rates depending on type, variety and stage of development of the seed We were aware that formal seed markets relied on research and development of seed breeds for assurance of the required quality and for innovations such as drought resistant varieties. Given the application of these essential risk control measures in this key input and the broad network of seed distribution channels, we believed that seed suppliers could play a critical role in the marketing of our proposed complimentary climate risk mitigation product to serve our common goals of protecting and increasing resilience of agricultural primary production. We explain in this book how we implemented this idea and the various questions that we explored in our index-based insurance extension project including the following: How could we enhance standard product guarantees of seed companies to offer additional protection against critical climate-related risks? How could we embed climate risk insurance in formal seed systems without adding cost for the end-benefi ciaries? What technology and distribution innovations should we consider for the purposes of ensuring that we can monitor cost-effectively covered risks? What value-adding services should be made available to support the risk carriers, the distribution partners and the smallholder farmers? How did we promote agricultural risk literacy using indigenous knowledge systems located in ancient African oral traditional stories that were part of the customs of our target population?

Insuring Against Droughts Evidence On Agricultural Intensification And Index Insurance Demand From A Randomized Evaluation In Rural Bangladesh

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Author : Hill, Ruth Vargas
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2017-04-07

Insuring Against Droughts Evidence On Agricultural Intensification And Index Insurance Demand From A Randomized Evaluation In Rural Bangladesh written by Hill, Ruth Vargas and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-07 with Political Science categories.

It is widely acknowledged that unmitigated risks provide a disincentive for otherwise optimal investments in modern farm inputs. Index insurance provides a means for managing risk without the burdens of asymmetric information and high transaction costs that plague traditional indemnity-based crop insurance programs. Yet many index insurance programs that have been piloted around the world have met with rather limited success, so the potential for insurance to foster more intensive agricultural production has yet to be realized. This study assesses both the demand for and the effectiveness of an innovative index insurance product designed to help smallholder farmers in Bangladesh manage risk to crop yields and the increased production costs associated with drought. Villages were randomized into either an insurance treatment or a comparison group, and discounts and rebates were randomly allocated across treatment villages to encourage insurance take-up and to allow for the estimation of the price elasticity of insurance demand. Among those offered insurance, we find insurance demand to be moderately price elastic, with discounts significantly more successful in stimulating demand than rebates. Farmers who are highly risk averse or sensitive to basis risk prefer a rebate to a discount, suggesting that the rebate may partially offset some of the implicit costs associated with insurance contract nonperformance. Having insurance yields both ex ante risk management effects and ex post income effects on agricultural input use. The risk management effects lead to increased expenditures on inputs during the aman rice-growing season, including expenditures for risky inputs such as fertilizers, as well as those for irrigation and pesticides. The income effects lead to increased seed expenditures during the boro rice-growing season, which may signal insured farmers’ higher rates of seed replacement, which broadens their access to technological improvements embodied in newer seeds as well as enhancing the genetic purity of cultivated seeds.

He Says She Says Exploring Patterns Of Spousal Agreement In Bangladesh

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Author : Ambler, Kate
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2017-03-09

He Says She Says Exploring Patterns Of Spousal Agreement In Bangladesh written by Ambler, Kate and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-09 with Political Science categories.

Participation in household decisions and control over assets are often used as indicators of bargaining power. Yet spouses do not necessarily provide the same answers to questions about these topics. We examine differences in spouses’ answers to questions regarding who participates in decisions about household activities, who owns assets, and who decides to purchase assets. Disagreement is substantial and systematic, with women more likely to report joint ownership or decision making and men more likely to report sole male ownership or decision making. Analysis of correlations between agreement and women’s well-being finds that agreement on joint decision making/ownership is generally positively associated with beneficial outcomes for women compared with agreement on sole male decision making/ownership. Cases of disagreement where women recognize their involvement but men do not are also positively associated with good outcomes for women, but often to a lesser extent than when men agree that women are involved.

Improved Crop Productivity For Africa S Drylands

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Author : Tom Walker
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2016-08-17

Improved Crop Productivity For Africa S Drylands written by Tom Walker and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-17 with Business & Economics categories.

More than 200 million people living in dryland regions of Sub-Saharan Africa make their living from agriculture. Most are exposed to weather shocks, especially drought, that can decimate their incomes, destroy their assets, and plunge them into a poverty trap from which it is diffi cult to emerge. Their lack of resilience in the face of these shocks can be attributed in large part to the poor performance of agriculture on which their livelihood depends. Opportunities exist to improve the fortunes of farming households in the drylands. Improved farming technologies that can increase and stabilize the production of millet, sorghum, maize, and other leading staples are available. Irrigation is technically and economically feasible in some areas and offers additional opportunities to increase and stabilize crop production, especially small-scale irrigation, which tends to be more affordable and easier to manage. Yet many of these opportunities have not been exploited on a large scale, for reasons that include lack of farmer knowledge, nonavailability of inputs, unfavorable price incentives, high levels of production risk, and high cost. Future production growth in drylands agriculture is expected to come mainly from raising yields and increasing the number of crop rotations on land that is already being cultivated (intensifi cation), rather than from bringing new land into cultivation (extensifi cation). Controlling for rainfall, average yields in rainfed cropping systems in Sub-Saharan Africa are still much lower than yields in rainfed cropping systems in other regions, suggesting that there is considerable scope to intensify production in these systems. Furthermore, unlike in other regions, production of low-value cereals under irrigation is generally not economic in Sub-Saharan Africa unless the cereals can be grown in rotation with one or more high-value cash crops. The long-run strategy for drylands agriculture, therefore, must be to promote production of staples in rainfed systems and production of high-value cereals (for example, rice), horticultural cops, and industrial crops in irrigated systems. Based on a detailed review of currently available technologies, Improved Crop Productivity for Africa’s Drylands argues that improving the productivity and stability of agriculture in the drylands has the potential to make a signifi cant contribution to reducing vulnerability and increasing resilience. At the same time, it is important to keep in mind that in an environment characterized by limited agro-climatic potential and subject to repeated shocks, farming on small land holdings may not generate suffi cient income to bring people out of poverty.

Congressional Record Index

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977

Congressional Record Index written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Law categories.

Includes history of bills and resolutions.

Institutional Versus Noninstitutional Credit To Agricultural Households In India Evidence On Impact From A National Farmers Survey

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Author : Kumar, Anjani
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2017-03-02

Institutional Versus Noninstitutional Credit To Agricultural Households In India Evidence On Impact From A National Farmers Survey written by Kumar, Anjani and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-02 with Political Science categories.

A goal of agricultural policy in India has been to reduce farmers’ dependence on informal credit. To that end, recent initiatives have been focused explicitly on rural areas and have had a positive impact on the flow of agricultural credit. But despite the significance of these initiatives in enhancing the flow of institutional credit to agriculture, the links between institutional credit and net farm income and consumption expenditures in India are not very well documented. Using a large national farm household–level dataset and instrumental variables two-stage least squares estimation methods, we investigate the impact of institutional farm credit on farm income and farm household consumption expenditures. Our findings show that in India, formal credit is indeed playing a critical role in increasing both the net farm income and per capita monthly household expenditures of Indian farm families. We also find that, in the presence of formal credit, social safety net programs such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) may have unintended consequences. In particular, MGNREGA reduces both net farm income and per capita monthly household consumption expenditures. In contrast, in the presence of formal credit, the Public Distribution System may increase both net farm income and per capita monthly household consumption expenditures.

Human Development Report 2007 2008

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Author : United Nations Development Programme
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-12-29

Human Development Report 2007 2008 written by United Nations Development Programme and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-29 with Business & Economics categories.

This year's Human Development Report explains why we have less than a decade to change course and start living within our global carbon budget, and how climate change will create long-run low human development traps, pushing vulnerable people into a downward spiral of deprivation.

Measuring Postharvest Losses At The Farm Level In Malawi

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Author : Ambler, Kate
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2017-04-14

Measuring Postharvest Losses At The Farm Level In Malawi written by Ambler, Kate and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-14 with Political Science categories.

Reducing food loss and waste are important policy objectives prominently featured in the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. To optimally design interventions targeted at reducing losses, it is important to know where losses are concentrated between the farm and fork. This paper measures farmlevel postharvest losses for three main crops—maize, soy, and groundnuts—among 1,200 households in Malawi. Farmers answered a detailed questionnaire designed to learn about losses during harvest and transport, processing, and storage and which measures both total losses and reductions in crop quality. The findings indicate that fewer than half of households report suffering losses conditional on growing each crop. In addition, conditional on losses occurring, the loss averages between 5 and 12 percent of the farmer’s total harvest. Compared to nationally representative data that measure losses using a single survey question, this study documents a far greater percentage of farmers experiencing losses, though the unconditional proportion lost is similar. We find that losses are concentrated in harvest and processing activities for groundnuts and maize; for soy, they are highest during processing. Existing interventions have primarily targeted storage activities; however, these results suggest that targeting other activities may be worthwhile.

Misreporting Month Of Birth Implications For Nutrition Research

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Author : Larsen, Anna Folke
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2017-03-09

Misreporting Month Of Birth Implications For Nutrition Research written by Larsen, Anna Folke and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-09 with Political Science categories.

Height-for-age z-scores (HAZs) and stunting status (HAZ<−2) are widely used to measure child nutrition and population health. However, accurate measurement of age is nontrivial in populations with low levels of literacy and numeracy, limited use of formal birth records, and weak cultural norms surrounding birthdays and calendar use. In this paper we use Demographic and Health Surveys data from 62 countries over the period 1990–2014 to describe two statistical artifacts indicative of misreporting of age. The first artifact consists of lower HAZs for children reported to be born earlier in each calendar year (resulting in implausibly large HAZ gaps between January- and December-born children), which is consistent with some degree of randomness in month of birth reporting. The second artifact consists of lower HAZs for children with a reported age just below a round age (and hence implausibly large HAZ gaps between children with reported ages just below and just above round ages), which is consistent with survey respondents rounding ages down more than they round ages up. Using simulations, we show how these forms of misreporting child age can replicate observed patterns in the data, and that they have small impacts on estimated rates of stunting but important implications for research that relies on birth timing to identify exposure to various risks, particularly seasonal shocks. Moreover, the misreporting we identify differs from conventional age-heaping concerns, implying that the metrics described above could constitute useful markers of measurement error in nutrition surveys. Future research should also investigate ways to reduce these errors.

Nutrition Transition And The Structure Of Global Food Demand

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Author : Gouel, Christophe
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2017-04-07

Nutrition Transition And The Structure Of Global Food Demand written by Gouel, Christophe and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-07 with Political Science categories.

Estimating future demand for food is a critical aspect of global food security analyses. The process linking dietary changes to wealth is known as the nutrition transition and presents well-identified features that help to predict consumption changes in poor countries. This study proposes to represent the nutrition transition with a nonhomothetic, flexible-in-income, demand system, known as the Modified Implicitly Directly Additive Demand System (MAIDADS). The resulting model is transparent and estimated statistically based on cross-sectional information from FAOSTAT the statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. It captures the main features of the nutrition transition: rise in demand for calories associated with income growth; diversification of diets away from starchy staples; and a large increase in caloric demand for animal-based products, fats, and sweeteners. The estimated model is used to project food demand between 2010 and 2050 based on a set of plausible futures (trend projections and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios). The main results of these projections are as follows: (1) global food demand will increase by 46 percent, less than half the growth in the previous four decades; (2) this growth will be attributable mainly to lower-middle-income and low-income countries; (3) the structure of global food demand will change over the period, with a 95 percent increase in demand for animal-based calories and a much smaller 18 percent increase in demand for starchy staples; and (4) the analysis of a range of population and income projections reveals important uncertainties depending on the scenario, the projected increases in demand for animal-based and vegetal-based calories range from 78 to 109 percent and from 20 to 42 percent, respectively.