Fair Share Or Freeride
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Fair Share Or Freeride
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Author : U. S. Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-02-11
Fair Share Or Freeride written by U. S. Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-02-11 with categories.
NATO has endured beyond the end of the Cold War by shifting its focus from collective defense to out of area operations. NATO exists only through the voluntary contributions of its members. The United States provides a very large proportion of NATO forces and resources and, thus, has been very interested in getting members to contribute more. In his seminal book, The Logic of Collective Action, Mancur Olsen found that smaller alliance members tend to freeride after meeting the minimum cost, while larger members contribute disproportionately large shares to the collective good. Most studies of NATO burden sharing measure the proportion of GDP spent on defense. The problem with this measurement is that it evaluates members based on how much they spend on their own national defense, not on how much they contribute to the alliance. Thus, the question is, do NATO members contribute adequately to the alliance? Alternative ways to measure NATO member contributions were investigated to answer that question. Proportionality is the most important principle for defining how member nations share the burden. Members can only be rightfully accused of freeriding if they fail to provide their apportioned share, but NATO does not have a formal system for determining shares. Bases for apportionment were created to determine fair shares based on national capacity in terms of GDP and population. By comparing financial contributions to NATO common funding and troop contributions NATO's three largest out of area operations (Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan) to GDP and population-based shares, clear trends emerged in contemporary NATO burden sharing. Analysis of the various alternative measures leads to the conclusion that despite the failure of most NATO member nations to spend the agreed two percent of GDP on defense, they do contribute effectively and proportionally toward NATO funding and operations. Collective action theory only partially applies to NATO; the smallest members tend to contribute equal or greater amounts, proportionally, than their larger counterparts. Furthermore, all members, especially the United States, tend to adjust contributions based upon national interests. Finally, if NATO wishes to better assess and distribute the burden, it must first develop a formal system to apportion it.
Reclaiming Freedom
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Author : Aziz Rana
language : en
Publisher: Haymarket Books
Release Date : 2024-01-02
Reclaiming Freedom written by Aziz Rana and has been published by Haymarket Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-01-02 with Philosophy categories.
“A curious thing has happened within American culture,” Aziz Rana writes. “The language of freedom has been claimed almost entirely by the political right.” Can it be reclaimed Freedom has a dual legacy. On the one hand, it stands for the great struggles long associated with the left, from abolition and anticolonialism to women’s and queer liberation. On the other hand, it has long been the watchword of an exclusionary right—playing a central role in the politics of neoliberalism and resurgent white nationalism. Rejecting this view of freedom as an exclusively right-wing concern, this issue reclaims freedom as a fundamental political value essential to any vision of a more just world. Aziz Rana leads a forum on the path to a different politics of freedom. In the United States, he argues, reactionary uses of freedom at home have been emboldened by U.S. imperial power abroad. But the language of freedom can be genuinely liberating by building emancipatory institutions of collective agency and self-rule. Featuring eleven respondents—including Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Jefferson Cowie, political theorists Adom Getachew, Lea Ypi, and Nancy Hirschmann, and philosophers Olúfẹ́mi O. Táíwò and Philippe Van Parijs—the forum clarifies how both political messaging and institution building are essential to extending real freedom to all. Plus essays on the legacy of Cold War liberalism, fifty years of liberation theology, violence in Israel/Palestine, and the Stop Cop City movement; reviews of M. E. O’Brien’s Family Abolition, Melissa Kearney’s The Two-Parent Privilege, Helen Hester and Nick Srnicek’s After Work, and Paul Lafargue’s The Right to Be Lazy; an interview on Black existentialism; and prose poetry.
The Global Environment
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Author : Regina S. Axelrod
language : en
Publisher: CQ Press
Release Date : 2019-07-11
The Global Environment written by Regina S. Axelrod and has been published by CQ Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-11 with Political Science categories.
The new edition of The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy by Regina S. Axelrod and Stacy D. VanDeveer reflects the latest events in the in global environmental politics and sustainable development, while providing balanced coverage of the key institutions, environmental issues, treaties, and policies. This award-winning book highlights global environmental institutions, major state and non-state actors, and includes a wide range of cases such as climate change, biodiversity, hazardous chemicals, ozone layer depletion, nuclear energy and resource consumption.
Inducing Immunity
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Author : Roland Pierik
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2024-03-26
Inducing Immunity written by Roland Pierik and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-03-26 with Health & Fitness categories.
Why immunization must be made mandatory in times of vaccine hesitancy, and how we can design and implement immunization policies in a practical, trustworthy, and democratic way. We live in perilous times when a significant number of citizens are either defiantly antivaccination or hesitant to accept vaccinations for themselves or for their children. In Inducing Immunity?, legal philosopher Roland Pierik and bioethicist Marcel Verweij, explore ways to regulate collective immunization in as democratic a manner as possible. Approaching the problem as a matter of a conflict between the responsibility of government to protect public health and the basic right to freedom of citizens, Pierik and Verweij argue that John Stuart Mill’s harm principle—the idea that individuals should be free to act so long as their actions do not harm others—offers a strong basis for coercive immunization policies. Covering childhood immunization policies, as well as vaccination programs aimed at adult citizens, the authors argue that a coercive immunization policy in any liberal democracy must first satisfy the principle of proportionality. This leads them to an in-depth exploration of the role of exemptions, the nature of coercion, and the contents of vaccination programs. In the final part of the book, the authors also discuss the importance and scope of freedom of speech, given how the current spread of misinformation has undermined confidence in vaccines. Offering an in-depth analysis in bioethics and legal philosophy, Inducing Immunity? is a sensible and applicable guide for health professionals, policymakers, and academics alike on how we can—and must—do better with our immunization policies.
Global Environmental Politics
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Author : Pamela S. Chasek
language : en
Publisher: Hachette UK
Release Date : 2016-07-12
Global Environmental Politics written by Pamela S. Chasek and has been published by Hachette UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-12 with Political Science categories.
For more than twenty years, Global Environmental Politics has provided an up-to-date, accurate, and unbiased introduction to the world's most pressing environmental issues. This new edition continues this tradition while covering critical new developments in the field. Through case studies on key issues such as climate change, toxic chemicals, and biodiversity loss, the authors detail the development of major environmental regimes. With new material on the adoption of global Sustainable Development Goals and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; the December 2015 Paris Climate Change conference; and recent meetings of major conventions on desertification, biological diversity, and more; the authors present a comprehensive overview of contemporary international environmental politics. Global Environmental Politics is vital reading for any student wishing to understand the current state of the field and to make informed decisions about which policies might best safeguard our environment for the future.
Economics Takes A Holiday
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Author : Holley Hewitt Ulbrich
language : en
Publisher: Abbott Press
Release Date : 2013-01-09
Economics Takes A Holiday written by Holley Hewitt Ulbrich and has been published by Abbott Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-09 with Business & Economics categories.
Holidays help define our culture, but people forget that they are closely connected with economics. Author Holley Hewitt Ulbrich combines her lifelong fascination with our nations most special occasions and her love of economics in this fascinating account. Youll learn why Punxsutawney Phil might play a role in economic forecasting; how Valentines Day could just be an example of heartless capitalism; how Earth Day provides insights about property rights; how Fathers Day and Mothers Day helps us understand the history of the American family. Holidays are about communities, cultures, history, and our relationship with the natural world, and they offer a way to highlight a context in which we make our choices. Since they are scattered throughout the year, they help us explore emerging ideas of behavioral and neo-institutional economics in small, seasonal doses. Join Ulbrich as she explores what these occasions say about our economic system, our society, and ourselves with Economics Takes a Holiday.
How To Live Well
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Author : Tony Fitzpatrick
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2018-04-27
How To Live Well written by Tony Fitzpatrick and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-27 with Philosophy categories.
The ancient moral philosophy of Epicureanism offers many valuable lessons for the modern world. How to Live Well updates and modifies Epicurean philosophy to offer an exciting new framework for contemporary social reform.
Perspectives On The Sharing Economy
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Author : Indre Maurer
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2019-08-15
Perspectives On The Sharing Economy written by Indre Maurer and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-15 with Business & Economics categories.
Sharing instead of owning is one of the major trends in modern (business) life. By changing how people consume, the rise of the sharing economy has the potential to redefine the role of owners, consumers and producers, change their mode of transaction, create innovative business models, disrupt existing industries, and challenge political and regulative institutions. In addition to these practical implications, the sharing economy phenomenon represents a novel playground for theoretical advancement, attracting a multitude of research and researchers from different disciplines. While this can potentially open up new avenues for practice and theory to stimulate each other, they do not seem to go hand-in-hand at the moment. This volume brings together research from a wide variety of theoretical backgrounds and disciplines to encourage academic discourse on the sharing economy phenomenon. It comprises contributions that are grounded in different theoretical perspectives, including business history, economics, strategic management, organization studies, information systems, political science, legal studies, linguistics, and semantics. While all contributions focus on the sharing economy phenomenon, they examine the subject from different disciplinary angles. Together, they provide a coherent and comprehensive overview of research on the sharing economy.
Ethics For Adversaries
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Author : Arthur Isak Applbaum
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2000-07-10
Ethics For Adversaries written by Arthur Isak Applbaum and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-07-10 with Philosophy categories.
The adversary professions--law, business, and government, among others--typically claim a moral permission to violate persons in ways that, if not for the professional role, would be morally wrong. Lawyers advance bad ends and deceive, business managers exploit and despoil, public officials enforce unjust laws, and doctors keep confidences that, if disclosed, would prevent harm. Ethics for Adversaries is a philosophical inquiry into arguments that are offered to defend seemingly wrongful actions performed by those who occupy what Montaigne called "necessary offices." Applbaum begins by examining the career of Charles-Henri Sanson, who is appointed executioner of Paris by Louis XVI and serves the punitive needs of the ancien régime for decades. Come the French Revolution, the King's Executioner becomes the king's executioner, and he ministers with professional detachment to each defeated political faction throughout the Terror and its aftermath. By exploring one extraordinary role and the arguments that can be offered in its defense, Applbaum raises unsettling doubts about arguments in defense of less sanguinary professions and their practices. To justify harmful acts, adversaries appeal to arguments about the rules of the game, fair play, consent, the social construction of actions and actors, good outcomes in equilibrium, and the legitimate authority of institutions. Applbaum concludes that these arguments are weaker than supposed and do not morally justify much of the violation that professionals and public officials inflict. Institutions and the roles they create ordinarily cannot mint moral permissions to do what otherwise would be morally prohibited.
Middleware 2010
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Author : Indranil Gupta
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2010-11-26
Middleware 2010 written by Indranil Gupta and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-26 with Computers categories.
We are pleased to welcome you to the eleventh edition of the Middleware c- ference. The program this year is a sign of the robustness, activity, and cont- ued growth of the Middleware community. As computing technology around us has evolved rapidly over the past decade, our notions of middleware have also adapted so that we stay focused on the most challenging and relevant problems for the present and future. As a result, this year’s program features papers that belong to both tra- tional areas as well as new directions. Cloud computing, social middleware, and transactional memory are some of the vanguard areas that you will ?nd in this year’s selection of papers. In addition, topics that have always been central to the community are also prominent this year, including publish-subscribe, mul- cast,reliability, legacy,location-awareness,trust, and security.The community’s wise evolutionre?ects the dynamic role that middleware continues to play in the development of current software systems. The program underscores the competitive selection process applied by us and the technical programcommittee: out of 116 papers submitted this year,we accepted 18 for regular publication. In addition Middleware 2010 also includes a new category of “Big Ideas Papers,” which are bold white papers with the potentialtodrivelonger-terminnovationinthe?eld.Weselectedone“bigideas” paper this year. Our industrial track once againbrings forth papers that explore middleware foundations in the context of industrial practice. Finally, multiple workshops and a doctoral symposium round o? Middleware this year, making it an attractive conference for students, faculty, researchers, and practitioners.