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Forecasting Economic Benefits Of The Boston Harbor Cleanup

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Forecasting Economic Benefits Of The Boston Harbor Cleanup

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Author : Claudette Melissa Mapp
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989

Forecasting Economic Benefits Of The Boston Harbor Cleanup written by Claudette Melissa Mapp and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with categories.

Masters Theses In The Pure And Applied Sciences

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Author : Wade H. Shafer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06

Masters Theses In The Pure And Applied Sciences written by Wade H. Shafer and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.

Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis (CINDAS) * at Purdue University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 34 (thesis year 1989) a total of 13,377 theses titles from 26 Canadian and 184 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 34 reports theses submitted in 1989, on occasion, certain univer sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.

Technology And Policy Issues Involved In The Boston Harbor Cleanup

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Author : Shawn P. Morrissey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989

Technology And Policy Issues Involved In The Boston Harbor Cleanup written by Shawn P. Morrissey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Sewage disposal categories.

Introduction: Throughout history, disposing of human wastes has been a problem. In the late 1800's, when communities began to flourish, it was generally believed that human waste was the source of many diseases. The principal method of disposal at this time was to discharge the waste into local waters - rivers, lakes, or the ocean. In the Boston area, the receiving water was the Boston Harbor. In the late-1800's, Boston's waste was combined with water, transported to Deer Island and Moon Island, chlorinated, and discharged into the harbor. In the early- 1900's, Boston's disposal method was considered innovative because wastewater from Moon Island was discharged only on the outgoing tide. By the mid-1900's, Boston realized that its method of wastewater disposal was beginning to adversely effect the water quality and aesthetics of the harbor. Primary treatment of the wastewater did not begin until the late-1960's when the Deer Island and Nut Island facilities were constructed. Due to Boston's rapid population growth, these primary treatment plants were obsolete the moment they began operation. Both plants discharge chlorinated effluent and chlorinated digested sludge into the President Roads area of the Boston Harbor. The sludge is still discharged only on the outgoing tide. Boston and some of its neighboring communities have a combined sewer system. This system transports both wastewater and stormwater to the treatment facilities. During periods of excessive flows, the combined sewers are designed to overflow into nearby waters - such as Boston Harbor and the freshwater rivers that feed the harbor. These discharges occur frequently (more than one hundred times per year) in the Boston area which results in an estimated overflow of 40 billion liters per year of wastewater and stormwater into the harbor. These overflows cause beach and shellfish bed closures throughout the area. The Clean Water Act (CWA), created in 1972 and amended in 1977, required all municipalities to provide uniform (secondary) treatment to the wastewater before releasing it into the receiving water. At this time, the federal government was providing funding for 85% of the construction costs for the secondary treatment facilities. In the amended act, a provision, under section 301(h), allowed municipalities the right to waive the secondary treatment requirements if they were discharging into marine waters through a long outfall. The Metropolitan District Commission (MDC), who at that time was responsible for providing treatment to the greater Boston area wastewater, believed that the benefits of secondary treatment were not justified. This was based on a number of studies that determined the priority of 52 projects related to the Boston Harbor cleanup. Secondary treatment ranked 4 3rd. Based on these findings, MDC applied for the secondary treatment waiver. It was not until nearly eight years after the enactment of the amended CWA that MDC was tentatively denied its waiver. During this time, nothing was done to improve the wastewater treatment facilities because no funding was made available during the waiver application process. Political tensions surrounding the Boston Harbor cleanup issues began to emerge and a new agency, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA), was created. MWRA is responsible for providing treatment to the wastewater. When MWRA was established, there was strong political and legal pressure to cleanup the Boston Harbor. Due to this pressure, MWRA gave up its right to appeal the tentative denial of the secondary treatment waiver and began plans for the construction of a secondary treatment facility. The construction schedule consisted of consolidating the treatment process at a single location on Deer Island. The treatment process would provide primary treatment by 1995 and secondary treatment by 1999 of all MWRA wastewater. This schedule also included the construction of an outfall to transport the effluent 14 km off the shore of Deer Island, and to stop ocean disposal of the sludge. The estimated cost of this project is $6.1 billion. At this time, the funding by the federal government for the construction of secondary treatment facilities is no longer available; therefore, the burden of paying for these facilities is on the taxpayers. Ever since the enactment of the CWA, scientists have been questioning the need for disposing secondary treated effluent into deep coastal waters. This question has been the focal point of many debates on Boston Harbor. Although, an even more important question for the taxpayers and MWRA is - whether the $6.1 billion project will cleanup the harbor? This document summarizes the enormous amount of literature available on the technical and political issues related to the Boston Harbor cleanup. Chapter 1 and 2 discuss the physical aspects of the Boston Harbor and the existing treatment facilities. Chapter 3 addresses the technical and political issues that led to the decision to construct secondary treatment facilities. The components of the proposed secondary treatment facilities are discussed in detail in Chapter 4. The management of sludge, which is the residual byproduct of secondary treatment, is discussed in Chapter 5. Controlling the combined sewer overflows - a major source of pollution to the Boston Harbor - are discussed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 discusses the modeling and monitoring efforts done to date and the efforts recommended for the future. Finally, Chapter 8 discusses alternate ways of approaching the cleanup.

The Recession And The Workforce

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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1992

The Recession And The Workforce written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Human Resources and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Business & Economics categories.

Government Reports Announcements Index

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976

Government Reports Announcements Index written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Science categories.

Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For The Fiscal Year Ended June 30

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Author : Massachusetts. Comptroller's Division
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1990

Comprehensive Annual Financial Report For The Fiscal Year Ended June 30 written by Massachusetts. Comptroller's Division and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990 with Finance, Public categories.

Trapped Under The Sea

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Author : Neil Swidey
language : en
Publisher: Crown
Release Date : 2014-02-18

Trapped Under The Sea written by Neil Swidey and has been published by Crown this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-18 with History categories.

The harrowing story of five men who were sent into a dark, airless, miles-long tunnel, hundreds of feet below the ocean, to do a nearly impossible job—with deadly results A quarter-century ago, Boston had the dirtiest harbor in America. The city had been dumping sewage into it for generations, coating the seafloor with a layer of “black mayonnaise.” Fisheries collapsed, wildlife fled, and locals referred to floating tampon applicators as “beach whistles.” In the 1990s, work began on a state-of-the-art treatment plant and a 10-mile-long tunnel—its endpoint stretching farther from civilization than the earth’s deepest ocean trench—to carry waste out of the harbor. With this impressive feat of engineering, Boston was poised to show the country how to rebound from environmental ruin. But when bad decisions and clashing corporations endangered the project, a team of commercial divers was sent on a perilous mission to rescue the stymied cleanup effort. Five divers went in; not all of them came out alive. Drawing on hundreds of interviews and thousands of documents collected over five years of reporting, award-winning writer Neil Swidey takes us deep into the lives of the divers, engineers, politicians, lawyers, and investigators involved in the tragedy and its aftermath, creating a taut, action-packed narrative. The climax comes just after the hard-partying DJ Gillis and his friend Billy Juse trade assignments as they head into the tunnel, sentencing one of them to death. An intimate portrait of the wreckage left in the wake of lives lost, the book—which Dennis Lehane calls "extraordinary" and compares with The Perfect Storm—is also a morality tale. What is the true cost of these large-scale construction projects, as designers and builders, emboldened by new technology and pressured to address a growing population’s rapacious needs, push the limits of the possible? This is a story about human risk—how it is calculated, discounted, and transferred—and the institutional failures that can lead to catastrophe. Suspenseful yet humane, Trapped Under the Sea reminds us that behind every bridge, tower, and tunnel—behind the infrastructure that makes modern life possible—lies unsung bravery and extraordinary sacrifice.