Forms Of Explanation
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Forms Of Explanation
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Author : Alan Garfinkel
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Forms Of Explanation written by Alan Garfinkel and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with Social Science categories.
What makes one explanation better than another? How can we tell when an explanation has really answered our question? In a lively and readable discussion, Garfinkel argues that the key to understanding an explanation is to discover what question is really being answered. He then suggests criteria for a good explanation and goes on to examine some classic explanations in social and natural science.
Visual Differential Geometry And Forms
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Author : Tristan Needham
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2021-07-13
Visual Differential Geometry And Forms written by Tristan Needham and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-13 with Mathematics categories.
An inviting, intuitive, and visual exploration of differential geometry and forms Visual Differential Geometry and Forms fulfills two principal goals. In the first four acts, Tristan Needham puts the geometry back into differential geometry. Using 235 hand-drawn diagrams, Needham deploys Newton’s geometrical methods to provide geometrical explanations of the classical results. In the fifth act, he offers the first undergraduate introduction to differential forms that treats advanced topics in an intuitive and geometrical manner. Unique features of the first four acts include: four distinct geometrical proofs of the fundamentally important Global Gauss-Bonnet theorem, providing a stunning link between local geometry and global topology; a simple, geometrical proof of Gauss’s famous Theorema Egregium; a complete geometrical treatment of the Riemann curvature tensor of an n-manifold; and a detailed geometrical treatment of Einstein’s field equation, describing gravity as curved spacetime (General Relativity), together with its implications for gravitational waves, black holes, and cosmology. The final act elucidates such topics as the unification of all the integral theorems of vector calculus; the elegant reformulation of Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism in terms of 2-forms; de Rham cohomology; differential geometry via Cartan’s method of moving frames; and the calculation of the Riemann tensor using curvature 2-forms. Six of the seven chapters of Act V can be read completely independently from the rest of the book. Requiring only basic calculus and geometry, Visual Differential Geometry and Forms provocatively rethinks the way this important area of mathematics should be considered and taught.
Principles Of Methodology
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Author : Perri 6
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2011-10-31
Principles Of Methodology written by Perri 6 and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-31 with Social Science categories.
This book provides a comprehensive, accessible guide to social science methodology. In so doing, it establishes methodology as distinct from both methods and philosophy. Most existing textbooks deal with methods, or sound ways of collecting and analysing data to generate findings. In contrast, this innovative book shows how an understanding of methodology allows us to design research so that findings can be used to answer interesting research questions and to build and test theories. Most important things in social research (e.g., beliefs, institutions, interests, practices and social classes) cannot be observed directly. This book explains how empirical research can nevertheless be designed to make sound inferences about their nature, effects and significance. The authors examine what counts as good description, explanation and interpretation, and how they can be achieved by striking intelligent trade-offs between competing design virtues. Coverage includes: * why methodology matters; * what philosophical arguments show us about inference; * competing virtues of good research design; * purposes of theory, models and frameworks; * forming researchable concepts and typologies; * explaining and interpreting: inferring causation, meaning and significance; and * combining explanation and interpretation. The book is essential reading for new researchers faced with the practical challenge of designing research. Extensive examples and exercises are provided, based on the authors' long experience of teaching methodology to multi-disciplinary groups. Perri 6 is Professor of Social Policy in the Graduate School in the College of Business, Law and Social Sciences at Nottingham Trent University. Chris Bellamy is Emeritus Professor of Public Administration in the Graduate School, Nottingham Trent University.
The New Theoretical And Practical Complete Book Keeping By Double And Single Entry For Use In Business Colleges Common Schools High Schools And Academies
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Author : Louis Lafayette Williams
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1890
The New Theoretical And Practical Complete Book Keeping By Double And Single Entry For Use In Business Colleges Common Schools High Schools And Academies written by Louis Lafayette Williams and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1890 with Bookkeeping categories.
Arthur Schopenhauer
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Author : Peter B. Lewis
language : en
Publisher: Reaktion Books
Release Date : 2013-02-15
Arthur Schopenhauer written by Peter B. Lewis and has been published by Reaktion Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-02-15 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
Philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860) is usually remembered for his pessimism. His most influential work, The World as Will and Representation, concluded that no human desires can ever be fully satisfied. But as Peter B. Lewis shows in this new critical biography, Schopenhauer in fact advocated ways—via artistic, moral, and ascetic forms of awareness—to overcome the frustration-filled and fundamentally painful human condition. Offering a concise introduction to the life and work of this German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer explores a man who devoted his life to articulating a philosophy that would benefit mankind by providing a solution to the riddle of human existence. Lewis situates Schopenhauer’s principal doctrines of his philosophy into the context of his life, explaining how major events like his father’s apparent suicide led to his ideas on the meaning of life and the nature of art, religion, and morality. He also relates Schopenhauer’s thoughts to the intellectual and cultural world of early nineteenth-century Germany, where his philosophy was ignored for most of his life. Illustrated with images of Schopenhauer, his family, and his contemporaries, this book will engage anyone interested in music, literature, and the arts, as well as those who ponder the eternal questions of life’s meaning.
Time And Narrative Volume 1
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Author : Paul Ricoeur
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2012-04-30
Time And Narrative Volume 1 written by Paul Ricoeur and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04-30 with Philosophy categories.
The first volume in the eminent philosopher’s three-part examination of time and narrative, exploring their relationship in the context of historical writing. Time and Narrative builds on Paul Ricoeur’s earlier analysis, in The Rule of Metaphor, of semantic innovation at the level of the sentence. Ricoeur here examines the creation of meaning at the textual level, with narrative rather than metaphor as the ruling concern. Ricoeur finds a “healthy circle” between time and narrative: time is humanized to the extent that it portrays temporal experience. Ricoeur proposes a theoretical model of this circle using Augustine’s theory of time and Aristotle’s theory of plot and, further, develops an original thesis of the mimetic function of narrative. He concludes with a comprehensive survey and critique of modern discussions of historical knowledge, understanding, and writing from Aron and Mandelbaum in the late 1930s to the work of the Annales school and that of Anglophone philosophers of history of the 1960s and 1970s. “This work, in my view, puts the whole problem of narrative, not to mention philosophy of history, on a new and higher plane of discussion.” —Hayden White, History and Theory
Simplifying Procedures Through Forms Control
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Author : United States. Bureau of the Budget
language : en
Publisher: Washington : [s.n.]
Release Date : 1949
Simplifying Procedures Through Forms Control written by United States. Bureau of the Budget and has been published by Washington : [s.n.] this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1949 with Forms management categories.
Noneist Explorations Ii
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Author : Richard Routley
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-11-10
Noneist Explorations Ii written by Richard Routley and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-10 with Philosophy categories.
This third volume continues Richard Routley's explorations of an improved Meinongian account of non-referring and intensional discourse (including joint work with Val Routley, later Val Plumwood). It focuses on the essays 8 to 12 of the original monograph, Exploring Meinong's Jungle and Beyond, following on from the material of the first two volumes and further explores aspects and implications of the Noneist position. It begins with a discussion of the value of nonexistent objects championed by noneism, especially as regards theories of perception, universals, value theory and a commonsense account of belief. It continues with: a detailed analysis of what it means to exist; the importance of nonexistent objects to adequate accounts of mathematics and the theoretical sciences; and an account of noneisms' distinctiveness from other accounts of nonexistent objects. These essays are supplemented with scholarly essays from Naoya Fujikawa, and Maureen Eckert and Charlie Donahue.
Fuzzy Logic
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Author : Vladimir Dimitrov
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2002-02-26
Fuzzy Logic written by Vladimir Dimitrov and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-02-26 with Mathematics categories.
At the beginning of the new millennium, fuzzy logic opens a new challenging perspective in information processing. This perspective emerges out of the ideas of the founder of fuzzy logic - Lotfi Zadeh, to develop 'soft' tools for direct computing with human perceptions. The enigmatic nature of human perceptions manifests in their unique capacity to generalize, extract patterns and capture both the essence and the integrity of the events and phenomena in human life. This capacity goes together with an intrinsic imprecision of the perception-based information. According to Zadeh, it is because of the imprecision of the human imprecision that they do not lend themselves to meaning representation through the use of precise methods based on predicate logic. This is the principal reason why existing scientific theories do not have the capability to operate on perception-based information. We are at the eve of the emergence of a theory with such a capability. Its applicative effectiveness has been already demonstrated through the industrial implementation of the soft computing - a powerful intelligent technology centred in fuzzy logic. At the focus of the papers included in this book is the knowledge and experience of the researchers in relation both to the engineering applications of soft computing and to its social and philosophical implications at the dawn of the third millennium. The papers clearly demonstrate that Fuzzy Logic revolutionizes general approaches for solving applied problems and reveals deep connections between them and their solutions.
Subjectivism In Economics And Philosophy
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Author : Karl Mittermaier
language : en
Publisher: Policy Press
Release Date : 2025-05-29
Subjectivism In Economics And Philosophy written by Karl Mittermaier and has been published by Policy Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-05-29 with Business & Economics categories.
Available open access digitally under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. Following on from The Hand Behind the Invisible Hand and A Realist Philosophy of Economics, this new book drawn from Karl Mittermaier’s writings examines the intricate relationship between economic theory and real-world economic experiences. Despite the centrality of subjectivism in both philosophy and economics, these fields have often overlooked each other's insights. Mittermaier challenges this disconnect, advocating for a shift from deterministic models to a more reflective approach in economics. He examines the historical, methodological and philosophical dimensions of economic theory, highlighting its struggle to connect economic theory to empirical data and individuals' lived experiences. Originally penned between 1979 and 1982 and now published posthumously, this work remains a crucial contribution to contemporary economic discussions.