France And The Levant
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Download France And The Levant PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get France And The Levant book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
France And The Levant
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1920
France And The Levant written by Great Britain. Foreign Office. Historical Section and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1920 with France categories.
In preparation for the peace conference that was expected to follow World War I, in the spring of 1917 the British Foreign Office established a special section with responsibility for preparing background information for use by British delegates to the conference. France and the Levant is Number 66 in a series of more than 160 studies produced by the section, most of which were published after the conclusion of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The book is mainly an historical survey of French military, political, and cultural influence in the Levant, the eastern Mediterranean territory that includes all or parts of present-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Turkey, and Cyprus. It includes brief chapters on the Crusades, the alliance in the 16th century between France and Turkey, the plan proposed by the German philosopher Leibniz for the French conquest of Egypt, the policies of Louis XIV and Louis XV, Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, the Crimean War, and more recent developments. The chapter on Lebanon deals with the French military intervention in Lebanon and Syria in 1860 to protect the Christians of these countries, and a concluding chapter discusses the rival claims held by France, Italy, and Austria on the eve of World War I to serve as the European protector of the Christian minorities in the Levant.
France And The Levant From The Bourbon Restoration To The Peace Of Kutiah
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Vernon John Puryear
language : en
Publisher: [Hamden, Conn.] : Archon Books
Release Date : 1968
France And The Levant From The Bourbon Restoration To The Peace Of Kutiah written by Vernon John Puryear and has been published by [Hamden, Conn.] : Archon Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1968 with Business & Economics categories.
The French Mandate For Syria And The Lebanon
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Charles River Editors
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-07-19
The French Mandate For Syria And The Lebanon written by Charles River Editors and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-19 with categories.
*Includes pictures *Includes a bibliography for further reading The United Nations is one of the most famous bodies in the world, and its predecessor, the League of Nations, might be equally notorious. In fact, President Woodrow Wilson's pet project was controversial from nearly the minute it was conceived. At the end of World War I, Wilson's pleas at the Paris Peace Conference relied on his Fourteen Points, which included the establishment of a League of Nations, but while his points were mostly popular amongst Americans and Europeans alike, leaders at the Peace Conference largely discarded them and favored different approaches. British leaders saw their singular aim as the maintenance of British colonial possessions. France, meanwhile, only wanted to ensure that Germany was weakened and unable to wage war again, and it too had colonial interests abroad that it hoped to maintain. Britain and France thus saw eye-to-eye, with both wanting a weaker Germany and both wanting to maintain their colonies. Although the League of Nations was short-lived and clearly failed in its primary mission, it did essentially spawn the United Nations at the end of World War II, and many of the UN's structures and organizations came straight from its predecessor, with the concepts of an International Court and a General Assembly coming straight from the League. More importantly, the failures of the League ensured that the UN was given stronger authority and enforcement mechanisms, most notably through the latter's Security Council, and while the League dissolved after a generation, the UN has survived for over 70 years. One of the League's most lasting legacies was the manner in which it handed over administrative control of land in the Middle East to the victorious Allied Powers, namely France and Britain. The Ottoman Empire quickly collapsed after World War I, and its extensive lands were divvied up between the French and British. While the French gained control of the Levant, which would later become modern day nations like Syria and Lebanon, the British were given the Mandate for Palestine. The British Mandate for Palestine gave the British control over the lands that have since become Jordan, Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip. The intention of the mandate system was to have the administrators peacefully and gradually usher in independent states, and both European powers eventually attempted to withdraw from the region, but anyone with passing knowledge of the Middle East's history in the late 20th century knows that the region has seen little peace. As with the British Mandate of Palestine, the French found themselves attempting to placate various ethnicities that they only had a passing familiarity with, and the lines they drew for states like Syria and Lebanon were ultimately arbitrary. The French would completely evacuate the region in the wake of World War II, but the ramifications are still being felt today, as Syria is wracked by civil war and Lebanon's government has constantly been fragile and subject to foreign interference. The French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon: The History and Legacy of France's Administration of the Levant after World War I examines how the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon came about, what happened over the span of those 30 years, and the lasting legacy of the French administration. Along with pictures and a bibliography, you will learn about the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon like never before.
Napoleon Bonaparte S Invasion Of The Levant
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Charles River Charles River Editors
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-05-09
Napoleon Bonaparte S Invasion Of The Levant written by Charles River Charles River Editors and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-09 with categories.
*Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the campaign *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading "Soldiers! You are one of the wings of the French army. You have made war on the mountains, on the plains, and in cities; it remains for you to fight on the seas. The Roman legions, that you sometimes imitated but no longer equalled, fought Carthage now on this same sea and now on the plains of Zama... Soldiers, sailors, you have been neglected until this day; today, the greatest concern of the Republic is for you... The genius of liberty, which made you, at her birth, the arbiter of Europe, wants to be genius of the seas and the furthest nations." - Napoleon's address to his soldiers before leaving for Africa An initial review of France's naval forces had led Napoleon to conclude his navy could not hope to outfight the power of the Royal Navy, which had been the dominant naval power for centuries, so he was forced to look elsewhere. After months of planning, Napoleon crafted a scheme to attack and conquer Egypt, denying the British easy access to their colonies in India, with the ultimate goal of linking up with the Sultan Tipoo in India itself and defeating the British in the field there. Napoleon sailed with Admiral Brueys and 30,000 troops that June, heading for Egypt. Notionally part of the Ottoman Empire, Egypt was de facto a weak independent regime run by the breakaway Mamelukes. For France, it offered an overland route to India and a chance to beat Britain at her own game via economic strangulation. Ironically, in their attempt to intercept Napoleon and the French fleet, Admiral Horatio Nelson and the British forces beat the French to Africa, failing to take into account their slower troop transports. While the British turned north, only two days later, on June 28, 1798, Napoleon's army disembarked at Alexandria. Back in Sicily, Nelson heard further reports about the French and again sailed south. This time, about 6 weeks after the French reached Egypt, Nelson's fleet destroyed the French Mediterranean fleet, leaving Napoleon stranded in Africa. In addition to being unable to be reinforced or supplied by sea, his ambitions to establish a permanent presence in Egypt were further frustrated by a number of uprisings. Early in 1799, Napoleon advanced against France's erstwhile enemy, the Ottoman Empire, invading modern Syria (then the province of Damascus) and conquering the cities of Gaza, Jaffa, Arish and Haifa. However, with the plague running rampant through his army and his lines of supply from Egypt stretched dangerously thin, Napoleon was unable to destroy the fortified city of Acre and was forced to retreat. The retreat cost him almost all of his wounded as, harassed by enemy forces, he was forced to abandon most of his casualties to the Ottomans' mercy, or lack thereof. Most of the wounded were tortured and beheaded. Upon returning to Cairo, Napoleon finally received dispatches from France which, with the Mediterranean rife with Royal Navy vessels, had been severely delayed. The dispatches told of renewed hostilities with Austria and her allies, and a series of defeats in Italy which had virtually annihilated all of Napoleon's previous hard-won gains in the Italian peninsula. Leaving his army under the command of his subordinate General Kleber, Napoleon took advantage of a lull in the Royal Navy blockade and embarked upon one of his remaining ships. He set sail for France, determined to rescue her from this fresh wave of enemies. Napoleon Bonaparte's Invasion of the Levant: The History and Legacy of the French Campaign in Syria chronicles one of the French leader's most forgotten campaigns. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the French invasion of the Levant like never before.
France And The Levant From The Bourbon Restoration To The Peace Of Kutiah
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Adele Ogden
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1941
France And The Levant From The Bourbon Restoration To The Peace Of Kutiah written by Adele Ogden and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1941 with California categories.
Levant
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Philip Mansel
language : en
Publisher: Hachette UK
Release Date : 2010-11-11
Levant written by Philip Mansel and has been published by Hachette UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-11 with History categories.
Levant is a book of cities. It describes the role of Smyrna, Alexandria and Beirut as windows on the world, escapes from nationality and tradition, centres of wealth, pleasure and freedom. By their mix of races and religions, they challenge stereotypes. France and Britain liberated the area through their schools, while conquering it through arms. They were not only manipulators but manipulated, often invited in by local factions. Smyrna, Alexandria and Beirut were both pacifiers and stimulants of nationalism. Nasser was born in Alexandria, Smyrna and Beirut became centres of Turkish and Arab nationalism. Using unpublished family papers Philip Mansel describes their colourful, contradictory history, from the beginning of the French alliance with the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century to their decline in the mid twentieth century. Smyrna was burnt; Alexandria Egyptianised; Beirut lacerated by civil war. Levant is the first history in English of these cities in the modern age. Levant is also a challenge from history. It is about ourselves; it shows how Muslims, Christians and Jews live together in cities. Levantine compromises, putting deals befor ideals, pragmatism before ideology, made these cities work, until states reclaimed them for nationalism. Smyrna, Alexandria and Beirut have a message for today. The new Levantine cities of the twenty-first century, with comparable mixes of races and religions, are London, Paris and New York.
Syria And Lebanon Under The French Mandate
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Idir Ouahes
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2018-07-30
Syria And Lebanon Under The French Mandate written by Idir Ouahes and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-30 with History categories.
French rule over Syria and Lebanon was premised on a vision of a special French protectorate established through centuries of cultural activity: archaeological, educational and charitable. Initial French methods of organising and supervising cultural activity sought to embrace this vision and to implement it in the exploitation of antiquities, the management and promotion of cultural heritage, the organisation of education and the control of public opinion among the literate classes. However, an examination of the first five years of the League of Nations-assigned mandate, 1920-1925, reveals that French expectations of a protectorate were quickly dashed by widespread resistance to their cultural policies, not simply among Arabists but also among minority groups initially expected to be loyal to the French. The violence of imposing the mandate 'de facto', starting with a landing of French troops in the Lebanese and Syrian coast in 1919 - and followed by extension to the Syrian interior in 1920 - was met by consistent violent revolt. Examining the role of cultural institutions reveals less violent yet similarly consistent contestation of the French mandate. The political discourses emerging after World War I fostered expectations of European tutelages that prepared local peoples for autonomy and independence. Yet, even among the most Francophile of stakeholders, the unfolding of the first years of French rule brought forth entirely different events and methods. In this book, Idir Ouahes provides an in-depth analysis of the shifts in discourses, attitudes and activities unfolding in French and locally-organised institutions such as schools, museums and newspapers, revealing how local resistance put pressure on cultural activity in the early years of the French mandate.
Perfidious Albion
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : John Marlowe
language : en
Publisher: London : Elek
Release Date : 1971
Perfidious Albion written by John Marlowe and has been published by London : Elek this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with Political Science categories.
Friends And Rivals In The East
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : de Groot
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2021-10-25
Friends And Rivals In The East written by de Groot and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-25 with History categories.
This volume, based on both European and Ottoman sources, investigates the commercial, military and diplomatic relations between the Dutch and the English in the Levant from the early seventeenth to the early nineteenth century. On the one hand there was a more or less constant commercial rivalry and there were moments of outright military hostility between the two powers. On the other a common life in the Near East led to a form of solidarity which transcended the political situation in the home countries. The role of the local population of the Levant, of Ottoman officials, and of the Greeks, Armenians and other eastern Christians who intervened both as merchants and as embassy dragomans or interpreters, was often decisive in influencing the dealings between the Dutch and English residents. The nine papers examine these different aspects of a relationship which has never before been studied in a Levantine context.
A Voyage Into The Levant
DOWNLOAD
AUDIOBOOK
READ ONLINE
Author : Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1741
A Voyage Into The Levant written by Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1741 with Botany categories.