Freshwater Red Algae Use Activated Chemical Defenses Against Herbivores
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Freshwater Red Algae Use Activated Chemical Defenses Against Herbivores
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Author : Keri M. Goodman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Freshwater Red Algae Use Activated Chemical Defenses Against Herbivores written by Keri M. Goodman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Herbivores categories.
Chemically mediated interactions have important ecological and evolutionary effects on populations and communities. Despite recognition that herbivory can significantly affect the biomass and composition of freshwater macrophyte communities, there are few investigations of chemical defenses among freshwater vascular plants and mosses and none of freshwater red algae. This study compares the palatability of five species of freshwater red algae (Batrachospermum helminthosum, Boldia erythrosiphon, Kumanoa sp., Paralemanea annulata, and Tuomeya americana) that occur in the southeastern United States relative to two co-occurring macrophytes (the chemically defended aquatic moss Fontinalis novae-angliae and the broadly palatable green alga Cladophora glomerata). We assessed the potential role of structural, nutritional, and chemical traits in reducing macrophyte susceptibility to generalist crayfish grazers. Both native and non-native crayfish significantly preferred the green alga C. glomerata over four of the five species of red algae. B. erythrosiphon was palatable, while the cartilaginous structure of P. annulata reduced its susceptibility to grazing, and chemical defenses of B. helminthosum, Kumanoa sp., and T. americana rendered these species as unpalatable as the moss F. novae-angliae. Extracts from these latter species reduced feeding by ~30-60% relative to solvent controls if tissues were crushed (simulating herbivore damage) prior to extraction in organic solvents. However, if algae were first soaked in organic solvents that inhibit enzymatic activity and then crushed, crude extracts stimulated or had no effect on herbivory. B. helminthosum, Kumanoa sp., and T. americana all exhibited "activated" chemical defenses in which anti-herbivore compounds are produced rapidly upon herbivore attack via enzymatic processes. In an additional accept/reject behavioral assay, B. helminthosum extracts reduced the number of crayfish willing to feed by>90%. : Given that three of the five red algal taxa examined in this study yielded deterrent crude extracts, selection for defensive chemistry in freshwater rhodophytes appears to be substantial. Activated chemical defenses are thought to be an adaptation to reduce the resource allocation and ecological costs of defense. As such, activated chemical defenses may be favored in freshwater red algae, whose short-lived gametophytes must grow and reproduce rapidly. Roughly 20% of the known chemical defenses produced by marine algae are activated; further examination is needed to determine whether the frequency of activated chemistry is higher in freshwater red algae compared to their marine counterparts. Continued investigation of chemical defenses in freshwater red algae will contribute to among-system comparisons, providing new insights in the generality of plant-herbivore interactions and their evolution.
Comprehensive Natural Products Iii
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2020-07-22
Comprehensive Natural Products Iii written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-22 with Science categories.
Comprehensive Natural Products III, Third Edition, Seven Volume Set updates and complements the previous two editions, including recent advances in cofactor chemistry, structural diversity of natural products and secondary metabolites, enzymes and enzyme mechanisms and new bioinformatics tools. Natural products research is a dynamic discipline at the intersection of chemistry and biology concerned with isolation, identification, structure elucidation, and chemical characteristics of naturally occurring compounds such as pheromones, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and enzymes. This book reviews the accumulated efforts of chemical and biological research to understand living organisms and their distinctive effects on health and medicine and to stimulate new ideas among the established natural products community. Provides readers with an in-depth review of current natural products research and a critical insight into the future direction of the field Bridges the gap in knowledge by covering developments in the field since the second edition published in 2010 Split into 7 sections on key topics to allow students, researchers and professionals to find relevant information quickly and easily Ensures that the knowledge within is easily understood by and applicable to a large audience
Phenolic Compounds In Brown Algae
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Author : Peter David Steinberg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1984
Phenolic Compounds In Brown Algae written by Peter David Steinberg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Brown algae categories.
Marine Chemical Ecology
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Author : James B. McClintock
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2001-06-13
Marine Chemical Ecology written by James B. McClintock and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-06-13 with Science categories.
The interdisciplinary field of marine chemical ecology is an expanding and dynamic science. It is no surprise that the breadth of marine organisms studied expanded in concert with developments in underwater technology. With its up-to-date subject reviews by experts, Marine Chemical Ecology is the most current, comprehensive book on the subject. The
How Common Are Activated Chemical Defenses In Tropical And Temperate Marine Algae
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Author : Giancarlo L. Cetrulo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
How Common Are Activated Chemical Defenses In Tropical And Temperate Marine Algae written by Giancarlo L. Cetrulo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Chemical Ecology In Aquatic Systems
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Author : Christer Brönmark
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2012-03-01
Chemical Ecology In Aquatic Systems written by Christer Brönmark and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-03-01 with Science categories.
In recent years it has become increasingly clear that chemical interactions play a fundamental role in aquatic habitats and have far-reaching evolutionary and ecological consequences. A plethora of studies have shown that aquatic organisms from most taxa and functional groups respond to minute concentrations of chemical substances released by other organisms. However, our knowledge of this "chemical network" is still negligible. Chemical interactions can be divided into two larger sub-areas based on the function of the chemical substance. First, there are interactions where chemical substances are toxic to other organisms and are used as a defence against consumers (including both herbivores and predators) or a weapon against competitors (allelopathy). Second, chemical substances may be used as a source for information of the environment; for example: how can I find the optimal habitat, the best food, the nicest partner, and avoid being eaten? Aquatic organisms are able to detect and respond to extremely low concentrations of chemical cues to answer all these questions. The book aims at connecting these intriguing chemical interactions with traditional knowledge of organism interactions. Chemical Ecology of Aquatic Systems covers a wide range of studies, both plant and animal, from different geographic regions and habitats - pelagic as well as benthic. Most of the chemical interactions are similar in freshwater and marine habitats and this book therefore strives at integrating work on both systems.
Pure And Applied Biogeography
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Author : Levente Hufnagel
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2018-01-24
Pure And Applied Biogeography written by Levente Hufnagel and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-24 with Science categories.
This book, Pure and Applied Biogeography, gives a very interesting report and overview about the frontiers of such parts of recent biogeographical research, which plays important roles in solving our most pressing global problems (biodiversity crisis, climate change, water issues, and sustainable agriculture). Our book consists of three sections: "Introduction", "Pure Biogeography and Global Patterns" and "Applied Biogeography and Regional Issues." After the introductory chapter, which is about the main branches and aims of biogeography in service of solving global problems, - we can find three chapters as parts of the first section. First chapter in this section is in close relation with the origin of biodiversity and conservation. The second and third chapters are about the biogeograhical aspects of climate change and biodiversity. In the second section of this book three applied biogeographical chapters can be found, which are related to agriculture, theoretical background of biological plant protection against herbivores, and regional patterns in ecological biogeography.
Plant Derived Natural Products
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Author : Anne E. Osbourn
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-07-07
Plant Derived Natural Products written by Anne E. Osbourn and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-07 with Science categories.
Plants produce a huge array of natural products (secondary metabolites). These compounds have important ecological functions, providing protection against attack by herbivores and microbes and serving as attractants for pollinators and seed-dispersing agents. They may also contribute to competition and invasiveness by suppressing the growth of neighboring plant species (a phenomenon known as allelopathy). Humans exploit natural products as sources of drugs, flavoring agents, fragrances and for a wide range of other applications. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in understanding natural product synthesis, regulation and function and the evolution of metabolic diversity. It is timely to bring this information together with contemporary advances in chemistry, plant biology, ecology, agronomy and human health to provide a comprehensive guide to plant-derived natural products. Plant-derived natural products: synthesis, function and application provides an informative and accessible overview of the different facets of the field, ranging from an introduction to the different classes of natural products through developments in natural product chemistry and biology to ecological interactions and the significance of plant-derived natural products for humans. In the final section of the book a series of chapters on new trends covers metabolic engineering, genome-wide approaches, the metabolic consequences of genetic modification, developments in traditional medicines and nutraceuticals, natural products as leads for drug discovery and novel non-food crops.
Freshwater Algae
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Author : Edward G. Bellinger
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-09-20
Freshwater Algae written by Edward G. Bellinger and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-20 with Science categories.
Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators provides a comprehensive guide to temperate freshwater algae, with additional information on key species in relation to environmental characteristics and implications for aquatic management. The book uniquely combines practical material on techniques and water quality management with basic algal taxonomy and the role of algae as bioindicators. Freshwater Algae: Identification and Use as Bioindicators is divided into two parts. Part I describes techniques for the sampling, measuring and observation of algae and then looks at the role of algae as bioindicators and the implications for aquatic management. Part II provides the identification of major genera and 250 important species. Well illustrated with numerous original illustrations and photographs, this reference work is essential reading for all practitioners and researchers concerned with assessing and managing the aquatic environment.
Chemical Defenses In The Class Phaeophyceae For Protection From Marine Herbivores
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Author : Daria L. Protopopova
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Chemical Defenses In The Class Phaeophyceae For Protection From Marine Herbivores written by Daria L. Protopopova and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Brown algae categories.