From Is To Ought The Place Of Normative Models In The Study Of Human Thought
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From Is To Ought The Place Of Normative Models In The Study Of Human Thought
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Author : Shira Elqayam
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2016-08-12
From Is To Ought The Place Of Normative Models In The Study Of Human Thought written by Shira Elqayam and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-12 with Psychology categories.
In the study of human thinking, two main research questions can be asked: “Descriptive Q: What is human thinking like? Normative Q: What ought human thinking be like?” For decades, these two questions have dominated the field, and the relationship between them generated many a controversy. Empirical normativist approaches regard the answers to these questions as positively correlated – in essence, human thinking is what it ought to be (although what counts as the ‘ought’ standard is moot). In contemporary theories of reasoning and decision making, this is often associated with a Panglossian framework, an adaptationist approach which regards human thinking as a priori rational. In contrast, prescriptive normativism sees the answers to these two questions as negatively correlated. Normative models are still relevant to human thought, but human behaviour deviates from them quite markedly (with the invited conclusion that humans are often irrational). Prescriptive normativism often results in a Meliorist agenda, which sees rationality as amenable to education. Both empirical and prescriptive normativism can be contrasted with a descriptivist framework for psychology of human thinking. Following Hume’s strict divide between the ‘is’ and the ‘ought’, descriptivism regards the descriptive and normative research questions as uncorrelated, or dissociated, with only the former question suitable for psychological study of human behaviour. This basic division carries over to the relation between normative (‘ought’) rationality, based on conforming to normative standards; and instrumental (‘is’) rationality, based on achieving one’s goals. Descriptivist approaches regard the two as dissociated, whereas normativist approaches tend to see them as closely linked, with normative arguments defining and justifying instrumental rationality. This research topic brings together diverse contributions to the continuing debate. Featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, the e-book covers a wide range of subjects, arranged by six sections: The standard picture: Normativist perspectives In defence of soft normativism Exploring normative models Descriptivist perspectives Evolutionary and ecological accounts Empirical reports With a total of some 24 articles from 55 authors, this comprehensive treatment includes theoretical analyses, meta-theoretical critiques, commentaries, and a range of empirical reports. The contents of the Research Topic should appeal to psychologists, linguists, philosophers and cognitive scientists, with research interests in a wide range of domains, from language, through reasoning, judgment and decision making, and moral judgment, to epistemology and theory of mind, philosophical logic, and meta-ethics.
From Is To Ought The Place Of Normative Models In The Study Of Human Thought
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
From Is To Ought The Place Of Normative Models In The Study Of Human Thought written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
In the study of human thinking, two main research questions can be asked: "Descriptive Q: What is human thinking like? Normative Q: What ought human thinking be like?" For decades, these two questions have dominated the field, and the relationship between them generated many a controversy. Empirical normativist approaches regard the answers to these questions as positively correlated - in essence, human thinking is what it ought to be (although what counts as the 'ought' standard is moot). In contemporary theories of reasoning and decision making, this is often associated with a Panglossian framework, an adaptationist approach which regards human thinking as a priori rational. In contrast, prescriptive normativism sees the answers to these two questions as negatively correlated. Normative models are still relevant to human thought, but human behaviour deviates from them quite markedly (with the invited conclusion that humans are often irrational). Prescriptive normativism often results in a Meliorist agenda, which sees rationality as amenable to education. Both empirical and prescriptive normativism can be contrasted with a descriptivist framework for psychology of human thinking. Following Hume's strict divide between the 'is' and the 'ought', descriptivism regards the descriptive and normative research questions as uncorrelated, or dissociated, with only the former question suitable for psychological study of human behaviour. This basic division carries over to the relation between normative ('ought') rationality, based on conforming to normative standards; and instrumental ('is') rationality, based on achieving one's goals. Descriptivist approaches regard the two as dissociated, whereas normativist approaches tend to see them as closely linked, with normative arguments defining and justifying instrumental rationality. This research topic brings together diverse contributions to the continuing debate. Featuring contributions from leading researchers in the field, the e-book covers a wide range of subjects, arranged by six sections: The standard picture: Normativist perspectives In defence of soft normativism Exploring normative models Descriptivist perspectives Evolutionary and ecological accounts Empirical reports With a total of some 24 articles from 55 authors, this comprehensive treatment includes theoretical analyses, meta-theoretical critiques, commentaries, and a range of empirical reports. The contents of the Research Topic should appeal to psychologists, linguists, philosophers and cognitive scientists, with research interests in a wide range of domains, from language, through reasoning, judgment and decision making, and moral judgment, to epistemology and theory of mind, philosophical logic, and meta-ethics.
The Handbook Of Rationality
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Author : Markus Knauff
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2021-12-14
The Handbook Of Rationality written by Markus Knauff and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-14 with Psychology categories.
The first reference on rationality that integrates accounts from psychology and philosophy, covering descriptive and normative theories from both disciplines. Both analytic philosophy and cognitive psychology have made dramatic advances in understanding rationality, but there has been little interaction between the disciplines. This volume offers the first integrated overview of the state of the art in the psychology and philosophy of rationality. Written by leading experts from both disciplines, The Handbook of Rationality covers the main normative and descriptive theories of rationality—how people ought to think, how they actually think, and why we often deviate from what we can call rational. It also offers insights from other fields such as artificial intelligence, economics, the social sciences, and cognitive neuroscience. The Handbook proposes a novel classification system for researchers in human rationality, and it creates new connections between rationality research in philosophy, psychology, and other disciplines. Following the basic distinction between theoretical and practical rationality, the book first considers the theoretical side, including normative and descriptive theories of logical, probabilistic, causal, and defeasible reasoning. It then turns to the practical side, discussing topics such as decision making, bounded rationality, game theory, deontic and legal reasoning, and the relation between rationality and morality. Finally, it covers topics that arise in both theoretical and practical rationality, including visual and spatial thinking, scientific rationality, how children learn to reason rationally, and the connection between intelligence and rationality.
Problems Of Living
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Author : Dan J. Stein
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2021-05-11
Problems Of Living written by Dan J. Stein and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-11 with Medical categories.
Problems of Living: Perspectives from Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Cognitive-Affective Science addresses philosophical questions related to problems of living, including questions about the nature of the brain-mind, reason and emotion, happiness and suffering, goodness and truth, and the meaning of life. It draws on critical, pragmatic, and embodied realism as well as moral naturalism, and brings arguments from metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics together with data from cognitive-affective science. This multidisciplinary integrated approach provides a novel framework for considering not only the nature of mental disorders, but also broader issues in mental health, such as finding pleasure and purpose in life. Draws on the strongest aspects of polar positions in philosophy and psychiatry to help resolve important perennial debates in these fields Explores continuities between early philosophical work and current cognitive-affective sciences, including neuroscience and psychology Employs findings from modern cognitive-affective science to rethink key long-standing debates in philosophy and psychiatry Builds on work showing how mind is embodied in the brain, and embedded in society, to provide an integrated conceptual framework Assesses both the insights and the limitations of cognitive-affective science for addressing the big questions and hard problems of living
Optimality Justifications
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Author : Gerhard Schurz
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024-02-08
Optimality Justifications written by Gerhard Schurz and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-02-08 with Philosophy categories.
The leading idea of epistemology in the Enlightenment tradition was foundation-theoretic: to reach knowledge, we must not legitimize our beliefs by external authorities, but instead justify them by rational arguments. Recently, the foundation-theoretic ideal of justification has come under attack, the chief criticism being that universal standards of justification are illusory because the problem of a regress of justification is unsolvable. Alternatives to foundation theory (coherentism, externalism, or dogmatism) have been developed that give up central claims of Enlightenment epistemology such as empirical support, cognitive accessibility, or rational justifiability. Optimality Justifications develops a new account of foundation-theoretic epistemology based on the method of optimality justifications. Optimality justifications offer a solution to the regress problem. Rather than striving for a priori demonstrations of reliability, which are impossible, they show that certain epistemic methods are optimal with regard to all accessible alternatives, which is more modestly but provably possible. In particular, optimality justifications can achieve a non-circular justification of deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. This volume pursues two goals: a general renewal of foundation-theoretic epistemology based on the account of optimality justifications, and the advancement of methods of optimality justification in important domains of epistemology and the philosophy of science, logic, and cognition. Connected with these goals is the aspiration to develop new ideas for mainstream epistemology, as well as for formal epistemology, philosophy of science, and cognitive science, which are intended to attract researchers, students, and all other readers interested in these fields.
Does Mathematical Study Develop Logical Thinking Testing The Theory Of Formal Discipline
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Author : Matthew Inglis
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2016-09-06
Does Mathematical Study Develop Logical Thinking Testing The Theory Of Formal Discipline written by Matthew Inglis and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-09-06 with Mathematics categories.
For centuries, educational policymakers have believed that studying mathematics is important, in part because it develops general thinking skills that are useful throughout life. This 'Theory of Formal Discipline' (TFD) has been used as a justification for mathematics education globally. Despite this, few empirical studies have directly investigated the issue, and those which have showed mixed results.Does Mathematical Study Develop Logical Thinking? describes a rigorous investigation of the TFD. It reviews the theory's history and prior research on the topic, followed by reports on a series of recent empirical studies. It argues that, contrary to the position held by sceptics, advanced mathematical study does develop certain general thinking skills, however these are much more restricted than those typically claimed by TFD proponents.Perfect for students, researchers and policymakers in education, further education and mathematics, this book provides much needed insight into the theory and practice of the foundations of modern educational policy.
Conversations On Human Action And Practical Rationality
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Author : Susana Cadilha
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Release Date : 2013-07-16
Conversations On Human Action And Practical Rationality written by Susana Cadilha and has been published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-16 with Business & Economics categories.
This volume brings together leading scholars in the study of practical rationality and human action – namely, Alfred Mele, Hugh McCann, Michael Bratman, George Ainslie, Daniel Hausman and Joshua Knobe. They were interviewed by the editors in a project based at the Institute of Philosophy of the University of Porto structured around the questions: 1) In your view, what are the most central (or important) problems in the philosophy of action? 2) For some or all of the following – action, agency, agent – what do they contrast with most significantly? 3) Which of these are liable to be rational/irrational? 4) In what sense is the thing to do to be decided by what is rational? Are there limits of rationality? 5) What explains action, and how? What is the role of deliberation in rationality? 6) How is akrasia possible (if you think it is)? 7) How do you think your own work has contributed to the field? What are your plans for future research? The outcome is of great interest, not only for philosophers, but also for economists, psychologists, political scientists and sociologists.
Philosophy And Computer Science
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Author : Timothy Colburn
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2015-05-20
Philosophy And Computer Science written by Timothy Colburn and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-20 with Social Science categories.
Colburn (computer science, U. of Minnesota-Duluth) has a doctorate in philosophy and an advanced degree in computer science; he's worked as a philosophy professor, a computer programmer, and a research scientist in artificial intelligence. Here he discusses the philosophical foundations of artificial intelligence; the new encounter of science and philosophy (logic, models of the mind and of reasoning, epistemology); and the philosophy of computer science (touching on math, abstraction, software, and ontology).
The Probabilistic Mind
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Author : Nick Chater
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2008
The Probabilistic Mind written by Nick Chater and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Philosophy categories.
The Probabilistic Mind is a follow-up to the influential and highly cited Rational Models of Cognition (OUP, 1998). It brings together developmetns in understanding how, and how far, high-level cognitive processes can be understood in rational terms, and particularly using probabilistic Bayesian methods.
Fundamentals Of Cognitive Psychology
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Author : Ronald T. Kellogg
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2011-04-27
Fundamentals Of Cognitive Psychology written by Ronald T. Kellogg and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-27 with Education categories.
Integrating the latest developments in cognitive neuroscience, neuroimaging, emotion and cognitive development, author Ronald T. Kellogg provides a clear view of what is happening at the cutting edge of the field today. Written in an accessible style, the book explores applications of cognitive psychology underscoring the practical side of the field. New to the Second Edition: * new neuroimaging graphics provide state of the art view of neuroscience in cognitive psychology * includes the latest research on the default network of the brain integrating autobiographical memory, envisioning the future, theory of mind, and moral decision making * expanded and updated coverage of research on attention applies the research on inattentional blindness and divided attention to real-life situations * explanation of the three networks of attention provides definitive evidence of independent networks for alerting, orienting, and executive attention and illustrates how neuroscience has clarified understanding of attention * problem solving in fluid intelligence tasks explains relation of working memory and executive attention to problem solving in the applied context of intelligence testing. Key Features of Fundamentals of Cognitive Science: * focuses on the 'essentials' of cognitive psychology: Covers core concepts and does not bog students down in topics more suitable for discussion in advanced follow-up courses * integrates coverage of neuroscience: A four-color insert of cognitive tasks that students can replicate and related brain images (PET and fMRI) helps students develop a deeper understanding of the neuroscience behind cognitive processes * emphasizes practical applications: Concrete implications of cognitive research are woven into the narrative of the text * highlights important concepts: Margin notes summarise important concepts, providing further clarification when needed and giving students previewing and reviewing guideposts.