From The Atacama To The Andes
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From The Atacama To The Andes
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Author : Alan Curtis
language : en
Publisher: Helion and Company
Release Date : 2022-04-20
From The Atacama To The Andes written by Alan Curtis and has been published by Helion and Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-04-20 with History categories.
With the break up of the Spanish empire in South America, the continent split into nine independent states with often ill-defined boundaries. One of these was that between Bolivia and Chile, which were separated by the Atacama Desert, tone of the driest regions in the world. When it was realized that the area contained nitrates that the world needed for explosives and fertilizer the scene was set for the inevitable clash. When war broke out in February 1879, both sides found themselves unprepared for war. Rapid armament followed as the Peruvians were dragged into the conflict in support of their Bolivian allies. Initially there was a tiresome naval war of blockade and guerre de course. Two naval actions decided the naval campaign in favor of the Chileans who then proceeded to use their naval power to attack the Allies’ isolated armies and capture Lima two years after war had broken out. Fighting then developed into a cruel and ruthless guerrilla war in the Andes, sometimes even pitting Peruvian against Peruvian, before the Peruvians finally concede defeat. The war was notable in the West for fights involving ironclads, particularly the Battle of Angamos, which saw the only time ironclads were pitted against each other between the Battle of Lissa and the Battle of the Yalu River. The war helped formulate Captain Mahan’s thoughts in “The Influence of Sea Power upon History”. The land war was more or less ignored abroad, although it included some of the biggest battles ever fought on the continent, using all the latest technology, including breech loading rifles and cannons and machine guns. The armies on both sides initially lacked experience and training as well as modern equipment. The Bolivian Army started the war with 806 officers and only 1369 other ranks! In the end the Chileans won because of their more stable government, better financial situation and their control of the sea, due to their two superior ironclads. From the Atacama to the Andes tells the brutal struggle between two sides to control the wealth of the Atacama and for retention of Bolivia’s coast. The result was that Chile gained the mineral resources of the “New North” and Bolivia became the second landlocked country on the continent, paving the way for the even more catastrophic Chaco War 50 years later.
Embracing The Anaconda
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Author : Anita Carrasco
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2020-05-20
Embracing The Anaconda written by Anita Carrasco and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-20 with Social Science categories.
Drawing on extensive ethnographic research, Anita Carrasco examines the socio-environmental impacts of contemporary mining on the Atacameños, an indigenous community in northern Chile, and their home in the Atacama Desert, one of the driest regions in the world. Carrasco describes the impacts of short-term mining corporations like Anaconda Copper that arrived, destroyed, and departed, and explains the positive and negative memories of those left behind. Embracing the Anaconda: A Chronicle of Atacameño Life and Mining in the Andes is recommended for students and scholars of anthropology, sociology, environmental studies, race and ethnic studies, and Latin American studies.
Cordillera Occidental
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Author : John Biggar
language : en
Publisher: Andes
Release Date : 2021-06-11
Cordillera Occidental written by John Biggar and has been published by Andes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-11 with Travel categories.
'The Andes - A Guide for Climbers' is the only comprehensive guidebook about the peaks of the Andes. This is the 5th English edition of the only complete guidebook to the peaks of the Andes. It covers many areas not described in any other source. Previous editions have been translated into French, Spanish, Polish and Czech. The author, John Biggar, is a very experienced high-altitude mountaineer who has been climbing and skiing in the Andes for 30 years and has made ascents of over 350 peaks higher than 5000m. The 5th edition includes route information for all 100 of the major 6000m mountains, plus over 300 other peaks. With over 200 diagrams, 270 photos and 80 maps it also gives the best ski-mountaineering peaks in over 10 areas across 5 countries. Because an unforgettable journey starts with a thorough preparation, find out everything you need to know about climbing and skiing the Andes in this guide ! ABOUT THE AUTHOR John Biggar is a professional mountaineering instructor based in Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. His first publication was an internal report for the nuclear physics department at Edinburgh University, entitled "Anisotropies in the Sequential Break-up of Li6". Since those days John has done little nuclear physics but has been climbing and ski-mountaineering in the Andes a lot. He has climbed many of the highest peaks, including 19 of the 20 highest, made over 100 ascents of 6000m peaks, plus 180 ascents of Andean 5000m peaks. He has made first ascents of six 6000m peaks and also made the first ski descent of Domuyo, the highest peak in Patagonia. A professional mountaineering instructor, he runs a business which specialises in mountaineering, skiing and ski-mountaineering expeditions to South America.
Puna De Atacama
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Author : John Biggar
language : en
Publisher: Andes
Release Date : 2021-06-11
Puna De Atacama written by John Biggar and has been published by Andes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-11 with Travel categories.
'The Andes - A Guide for Climbers' is the only comprehensive guidebook about the peaks of the Andes. This is the 5th English edition of the only complete guidebook to the peaks of the Andes. It covers many areas not described in any other source. Previous editions have been translated into French, Spanish, Polish and Czech. The author, John Biggar, is a very experienced high-altitude mountaineer who has been climbing and skiing in the Andes for 30 years and has made ascents of over 350 peaks higher than 5000m. The 5th edition includes route information for all 100 of the major 6000m mountains, plus over 300 other peaks. With over 200 diagrams, 270 photos and 80 maps it also gives the best ski-mountaineering peaks in over 10 areas across 5 countries. Because an unforgettable journey starts with a thorough preparation, find out everything you need to know about climbing and skiing the Andes in this guide ! ABOUT THE AUTHOR John Biggar is a professional mountaineering instructor based in Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland. His first publication was an internal report for the nuclear physics department at Edinburgh University, entitled "Anisotropies in the Sequential Break-up of Li6". Since those days John has done little nuclear physics but has been climbing and ski-mountaineering in the Andes a lot. He has climbed many of the highest peaks, including 19 of the 20 highest, made over 100 ascents of 6000m peaks, plus 180 ascents of Andean 5000m peaks. He has made first ascents of six 6000m peaks and also made the first ski descent of Domuyo, the highest peak in Patagonia. A professional mountaineering instructor, he runs a business which specialises in mountaineering, skiing and ski-mountaineering expeditions to South America.
Aymara Indian Perspectives On Development In The Andes
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Author : Amy Eisenberg
language : en
Publisher: University of Alabama Press
Release Date : 2013-08-30
Aymara Indian Perspectives On Development In The Andes written by Amy Eisenberg and has been published by University of Alabama Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Explores the relationship between indigenous people, the management of natural resources, and the development process in a modernizing region of Chile Aymara Indians are a geographically isolated, indigenous people living in the Andes Mountains near Chile’s Atacama Desert, one of the most arid regions of the world. As rapid economic growth in the area has begun to divert scarce water to hydroelectric and agricultural projects, the Aymara struggle to maintain their sustainable and traditional systems of water use, agriculture, and pastoralism. In Aymara Indian Perspectives on Development in the Andes, Amy Eisenberg provides a detailed exploration of the ethnoecological dimensions of the tension between the Aymara, whose economic, spiritual, and social life are inextricably tied to land and water, and three major challenges: the paving of Chile Highway 11, the diversion of the Altiplano waters of the Río Lauca for irrigation and power-generation, and Chilean national park policies regarding Aymara communities, their natural resources, and cultural properties within Parque Nacional Lauca, the International Biosphere Reserve. Pursuing collaborative research, Eisenberg performed ethnographic interviews with Aymara people in more than sixteen Andean villages, some at altitudes of 4,600 meters. Drawing upon botany, agriculture, natural history, physical and cultural geography, history, archaeology, and social and environmental impact assessment, she presents deep, multifaceted insights from the Aymara’s point of view. Illustrated with maps and dramatic photographs by John Amato, Aymara Indian Perspectives on Development in the Andes provides an account of indigenous perspectives and concerns related to economic development that will be invaluable to scholars and policy-makers in the fields of natural and cultural resource preservation in and beyond Chile.
South America S Natural Wonders
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Author : Gary L. Prost
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2024-02-09
South America S Natural Wonders written by Gary L. Prost and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-02-09 with Science categories.
This book guides readers through the most iconic, geologically significant scenery in South America, points out features of interest, and describes how these features came to be. Starting in the glacial landscapes of southern Patagonia, this field trip guidebook examines the foothills of the Andes of western Argentina to understand its foreland deformation. Across the Andes, one observes deformation, volcanism, and mineral deposits associated with an onshore volcanic arc and uplift in the Atacama Desert of Chile. A transect across the Andes from Mendoza to Valparaiso follows in the footsteps of Darwin and, as an added bonus, explores the premier wine country around Mendoza, Argentina, and the Colchagua Valley, Chile. Features: • Clearly explains the geology of regions with an emphasis on landscape formation. • Lavishly illustrated with numerous colorful maps, diagrams, and photos of breathtaking landscapes and their geological features. • Describes the major geologic features of South America through the device of a geologic tour, making it an accessible read for those without any geologic training, as well as for professionals. • Written in easy-to-understand language, the author brings his own experience to readers who want to explore and understand geologic sites first-hand. South America’s Natural Wonders is an inviting text that gives individuals with no background in geology the opportunity to understand key geologic aspects of local landscapes. It also serves as a guide to undergraduate and graduate-level students taking courses in earth science programs, such as geology, geophysics, geochemistry, mining engineering, and petroleum engineering. Teachers of these courses can also use this book to better understand their local geologic environment and geography.
The Andes
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Author : Axel Borsdorf
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-03-12
The Andes written by Axel Borsdorf and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-12 with Science categories.
The Andes are attracting global interest again: they hold valuable mineral resources, tourists appreciate their great natural beauty and the diversity of indigenous cultures, climbers scale rock and ice faces, while many others are intrigued by regional political developments, such as the Bolivarian revolution in Venezuela or the almost unfettered hegemony of the neoliberal economic model in Chile. This volume is the first attempt for decades to present a complete overview of the longest mountain chain on the planet – a region of remarkable climatic, floristic and geologic diversity, where advanced civilization developed well before the arrival of the Spanish. Today the Andes continue to be characterized by their ethnic, demographic, cultural and economic diversity, as well as by the disparity of local socioeconomic groups. The Andean countries pursue a wide range of approaches to tackle the challenges of making the best use of their natural and cultural potential without damaging their ecological basis, as well as to overcome economic disparity and foster social cohesion. This book provides insights into this unique region and its most pressing issues, complemented by a wealth of pictures and comprehensive diagrams, which, in sum, help to better understand these fascinating mountains.
Clawing For The Stars
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Author : Bob Villarreal
language : en
Publisher: Abbott Press
Release Date : 2014-03
Clawing For The Stars written by Bob Villarreal and has been published by Abbott Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03 with Travel categories.
The author describes his mountain climbing adventures in the high Andes, beginning in his forties, completing over 30 climbs, many of them alone.
The Land Of The Andes
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Author : Barbara A. Somervill
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004-08
The Land Of The Andes written by Barbara A. Somervill and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-08 with Juvenile Nonfiction categories.
This book describes the geological formation, geography, and wildlife of the Andes, a mountain range running the length of western South America.
Maritime Communities Of The Ancient Andes
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Author : Gabriel Prieto
language : en
Publisher: University Press of Florida
Release Date : 2019-12-02
Maritime Communities Of The Ancient Andes written by Gabriel Prieto and has been published by University Press of Florida this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-12-02 with Social Science categories.
Maritime Communities of the Ancient Andes examines how settlements along South America’s Pacific coastline played a role in the emergence, consolidation, and collapse of Andean civilizations from the Late Pleistocene era through Spanish colonization. Providing the first synthesis of data from Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, this wide-ranging volume evaluates and revises long-standing research on ancient maritime sites across the region. These essays look beyond the subsistence strategies of maritime communities and their surroundings to discuss broader anthropological issues related to social adaptation, monumentality, urbanism, and political and religious change. Among many other topics, the evidence in this volume shows that the maritime industry enabled some urban communities to draw on marine resources in addition to agriculture, ensuring their success. During the Colonial period, many fishermen were exempt from paying tributes to the Spanish, and their specialization helped them survive as the Andean population dwindled. Contributors also consider the relationship between fishing and climate change—including weather patterns like El Niño. The research in this volume demonstrates that communities situated close to the sea and its resources should be seen as critical components of broader social, economic, and ideological dynamics in the complex history of Andean cultures. A volume in the series Society and Ecology in Island and Coastal Archaeology, edited by Victor D. Thompson