Genomic Imprinting And Kinship
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Genomic Imprinting And Kinship
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Author : David Haig
language : en
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
Release Date : 2002
Genomic Imprinting And Kinship written by David Haig and has been published by Rutgers University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Science categories.
Genomic imprinting allows scientists to trace genes to the parent of origin. This volume presents a collection of 13 papers by David Haig (organisimic and evolutionary biology, Harvard U.) on genomic imprinting. He argues that our paternally and maternally active genes do not work in cooperation with each other and in fact are in competition. Each paper is followed by commentary by the author, providing background information and discussing developments since its publication. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.
Evolutionary Analyses Of Genomic Imprinting And Other Regarding Motivations
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Author : Jeremy Van Cleve
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Evolutionary Analyses Of Genomic Imprinting And Other Regarding Motivations written by Jeremy Van Cleve and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
Genetic And Evolutionary Studies On Imprinted Genes And Human Behavior With Special Reference To Prader Willi Syndrome
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Author : Iiro Salminen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Genetic And Evolutionary Studies On Imprinted Genes And Human Behavior With Special Reference To Prader Willi Syndrome written by Iiro Salminen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Genomic imprinting may have evolved due to an evolutionary conflict between alleles of different parental origin, carried by the mother and her offspring, which may be differently related to one's kin. Thus, genomic imprinting may be expected to highlight genes affecting regulatory mechanisms of behavior that may alter the distribution of maternal resources among offspring. The altered behavioral phenotypes shown in neurodevelopmental disorders that involve a lack of expression for one or several imprinted genes, may be further interpreted to represent extreme and dysfunctional phenotypes of human behavior. I have applied the kinship model for evolution of genomic imprinting to relevant literature on neurodevelopmental syndromes of genomic imprinting to address two questions central to understanding how genes interact with neural systems and regulate human behavior. Firstly, I propose how the evolution of genomic imprinting may be reflected in the behavioral phenotypes of the Prader-Willi- and Angelman syndromes (PWS and AS). Secondly, I ask if genetic variation of imprinted genes circulating in typical human populations might also affect non-clinical variation in human behaviors that may be partially co-regulated by imprinted genes. In chapter 2, I show that genetic variation for the maternally expressed UBE3A which is affected in both AS and PWS may also affect non-clinical variation in phenotypes of schizotypy among typically developing individuals. In chapter 3, I review evidence from relevant literature and evaluate whether phenotypes of sleep and eating in PWS and AS may be partly opposite to one another and propose hypotheses on how evolution of genomic imprinting may be reflected in the neural and behavioral phenotypes of AS and PWS. In chapter 4, I show that genetic variation of the paternally expressed SNORD116 gene, which shows a lack of expression in PWS, may also affect non-clinical variation in schizotypy among typically developing females. Finally, in chapter 5, I show that non-clinical variation in phenotypes of depression, schizotypy, autism spectrum cognition, social anxiety, sleep problems and emotional eating show significant co-variation in a population of typical individuals. The pattern of co-variation shown may reflect influences of genetic regulatory mechanisms involved in hypothalamic neural pathways, which have been shown to jointly alter the phenotypes of sleep, feeding and behavior. Behavioral phenotypes which are co-regulated by hypothalamic pathways may also be affected by variation of imprinted genes as several paternally expressed imprinted genes have also been shown to exert effects on hypothalamic pathways. In summary, I show that paternally and maternally expressed imprinted genes may exert partly opposite effects on human behaviors that may alter phenotypes affecting the distribution of maternal resources among offspring. These behavioral alterations may further reveal genetic and neural mechanisms affecting human behaviors and may thus hold further implications for mental health and well-being both in clinical settings and among healthy individuals.
Genomic Imprinting
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Author : R. Ohlsson
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1995-12-14
Genomic Imprinting written by R. Ohlsson and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-12-14 with Medical categories.
This significant new publication on genomic or parental imprinting has been prepared by an outstanding team of international authorities. Genomic imprinting results in the preferential expression of one allele, depending on the parent of origin. It is associated with several disease syndromes in humans. Interest in this area has expanded rapidly from the time when it was first recognised that some important hereditary characterisitics were not adequately explained by the Mendelian laws of inheritance. The chapters cover a wealth of material to help explain not only the mechanisms of genomic imprinting but its biological and medical consequences.
Risky Relations
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Author : Katie Featherstone
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2020-05-15
Risky Relations written by Katie Featherstone and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-05-15 with Social Science categories.
Increasingly more conditions are now being identified as having a genetic component, and controversial new genetic technologies potentially have major consequences for social relations and self-identity. How do family members respond to the information that they have a genetically transmitted disease or condition? How do they communicate (or not communicate) about their shared heritage? How do they decide who to tell and who not to tell within their family? Richly illustrated with the real experiences of individuals and families, Risky Relations is essential reading for anthropologists and sociologists of health and medicine, specialists in family and kinship, and health professionals concerned with the treatment and counselling of clients with genetic conditions. The lived impact of genetic technology on understanding within families with genetic conditions has never been systematically explored. This book fills a major gap by placing ethical, medical and social debates surrounding this charged issue firmly in context.
Genomic Imprinting
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Author : Nora Engel
language : en
Publisher: Humana Press
Release Date : 2012-08-21
Genomic Imprinting written by Nora Engel and has been published by Humana Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-08-21 with Medical categories.
Genomic imprinting, the process by which the non-equivalence of the paternal and maternal genomes is established, has been fascinating us for over three decades and has provided many emerging scientists with the chance to hit their stride in a frontier posing many unexpected questions and even more surprising answers. In Genomic Imprinting: Methods and Protocols, experts in the field provide a survey of the technologies that are being applied to advance the study of imprinting. This detailed volume features new technologies that are accelerating the pace of discovery of imprinted genes and characterization of their epigenetic profile, bioinformatic procedures for prediction and comparative analyses of imprinted genes, as well as methods in embryology and basic molecular biology that have been employed for many years, some appearing in new versions for small cell numbers. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and easy to use, Genomic Imprinting: Methods and Protocols will aid scientists in unveiling both much awaited answers and all-new questions to keep this vital field busy for many exciting years to come.
Genomic Imprinting
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Author : Hiroyuki Sasaki
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Genomic Imprinting written by Hiroyuki Sasaki and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Medical categories.
Genomic imprinting, a parent-of-origin-specific epigenetic modification of the genome, is observed in placental mammals and some plants (angiosperms). Since its discovery in the early 1980s, this intriguing phenomenon has been intensively investigated and has spawned an exciting new research area. Imprinting is relevant to a variety of biological events such as embryogenesis, growth and behavior, and its disruption can lead to congenital malformation syndromes and cancers. Furthermore, imprinting has been serving as an excellent model system to study epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation and helping us to understand how gene clusters and genome domains are regulated. This special issue provides an overview of the current knowledge of genomic imprinting. Including both excellent reviews and original research articles by outstanding researchers in the field, many of which were participants of the genomic imprinting workshops in Montpellier (September 2004) and Oxford (April 2005), it represents the forefront of imprinting research.
Introduction To Epigenetics
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Author : Renato Paro
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-03-23
Introduction To Epigenetics written by Renato Paro and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-23 with Science categories.
This open access textbook leads the reader from basic concepts of chromatin structure and function and RNA mechanisms to the understanding of epigenetics, imprinting, regeneration and reprogramming. The textbook treats epigenetic phenomena in animals, as well as plants. Written by four internationally known experts and senior lecturers in this field, it provides a valuable tool for Master- and PhD- students who need to comprehend the principles of epigenetics, or wish to gain a deeper knowledge in this field. After reading this book, the student will: Have an understanding of the basic toolbox of epigenetic regulation Know how genetic and epigenetic information layers are interconnected Be able to explain complex epigenetic phenomena by understanding the structures and principles of the underlying molecular mechanisms Understand how misregulated epigenetic mechanisms can lead to disease
Genomic Signatures Of Conflict And Cooperation In Plants And Social Amoebae
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Author : Katherine Sylvia Geist
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Genomic Signatures Of Conflict And Cooperation In Plants And Social Amoebae written by Katherine Sylvia Geist and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Electronic dissertations categories.
Arms races involve bouts of reciprocal co-adaptation to a social environment. We have a strong sense for how arms races drive the evolution of genes in purely antagonistic contexts, such as host-pathogen or predator-prey. In these systems, conflict that produces arms races between two parties results in positive selection -- the fixation of adaptive alleles between species -- for both parties. However, we do not have an equal sense for how arms races during cooperative enterprises shape genic evolution. If we assume that arms races affect genic evolution similarly regardless of context -- antagonistic or cooperative -- then we would expect a signature of positive selection as a hallmark of arms races that have occurred between otherwise cooperating parties.This dissertation attempted to test this prediction using two different systems, within-family conflicts in the plant genus Arabidopsis and between-clone conflicts in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. In Chapter 1, I introduce conflict and cooperation, how arms races drive positive selection, and my study systems in more detail. Because two of my chapters have already been published, they can be found under List of Publications. In Paper I, I used sets of genes predicted by theory to be involved in within-family conflicts over maternal resource allotment to the developing seed. I tested whether these genes exhibited the telltale signature of an arms race as predicted. I found evidence that strongly supports a mother-offspring conflict scenario: genes enriched in the maternal seed coat and endosperm show elevated rates of adaptation relative to the embryo. This supports mother-offspring conflict because, as the intermediate provisioning tissue for the embryo, the endosperm is predicted to be the seed compartment in conflict with the mother plant, not the embryo. Further, I find that genes enriched in nutrient transfer tissues show elevated rates of adaptation relative to those enriched in non-transfer tissues. This further supports a mother-offspring conflict scenario over maternal resource allocation. I rule out other competing hypotheses including selection for smaller seed size in the A. thaliana lineage.In Chapter 2, I continue to focus on within-family conflict over maternal resource allocation in seeds, this time using genes that have parent-of-origin biased expression (imprinting). The kinship theory of imprinting predicts that imprinted genes are in conflict with the mother plant over maternal resource allotment. Given the coincident mother-offspring conflict over maternal resource allocation I found in Paper I, I test whether imprinted genes experience a selection pressure distinct from that. I test the prediction that an arms race between mother plant and imprinted genes has driven positive selection of genes -- here imprinted genes only. If test if the signatures I find are significantly greater than that of the background tissues. I find that imprinted genes show higher rates of adaptive evolution than their background tissues. This suggests that the selection pressure on imprinted genes is specific to their imprinting status. Further, my results are consistent with a conflict scenario over maternal resource allocation.In Paper II, I switched systems to the social amoeba D. discoideum to test whether between-individual conflicts during asexual fruiting body development could lead to arms races. Using genes identified by my collaborator, I tested whether genes differentially expressed during chimeric mixing showed evidence of an arms race. We would expect a possible arms race during chimeric mixing in order to suppress cheating, or the disproportionate contribution of one genotype to spore at the expense of the other genotype that goes into sterile stalk. Consistent with an arms race scenario, I found that genes differentially expressed -- both up- and down-regulated -- during chimeric mixing had higher rates of adaptive evolution when compared to the genomic background. This suggests that these genes may be important in the wild for facultative strategies to prevent exploitation by other genotypes.Overall, these studies examined the effect of conflict in the context of cooperation on genic evolution: is it the same as we see with pure antagonism? This answer is that it appears to be. Not only can we use these kinds of methods to test theory about conflict genes in a robust way, but we can also use these methods to confirm the genes we identify are relevant to our organism in the wild. The latter is especially powerful for organisms like microbes or plants where observing social conflicts is not necessarily as straightforward as in animals. Further, these results suggest a strong role for kin conflict in seed development that has been largely understudied. It is the hope that this dissertation sparks a new set of kin conflict questions for researchers interested in both the proximate and ultimate factors affecting seed development.
Genes In Conflict
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Author : Austin BURT
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2009-06-30
Genes In Conflict written by Austin BURT and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-30 with Science categories.
Covering all species from yeast to humans, this is the first book to tell the story of selfish genetic elements that act narrowly to advance their own replication at the expense of the larger organism.