Geoling Stica

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Address In Portuguese And Spanish

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Author : Martin Hummel
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Release Date : 2020-07-20

Address In Portuguese And Spanish written by Martin Hummel and has been published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-20 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

The volume provides the first systematic comparative approach to the history of forms of address in Portuguese and Spanish, in their European and American varieties. Both languages share a common history—e.g., the personal union of Philipp II of Spain and Philipp I of Portugal; the parallel colonization of the Americas by Portugal and Spain; the long-term transformation from a feudal to a democratic system—in which crucial moments in the diachrony of address took place. To give one example, empirical data show that the puzzling late spread of Sp. usted ‘you (formal, polite)’ and Pt. você ‘you’ across America can be explained for both languages by the role of the political and military colonial administration. To explore these new insights, the volume relies on an innovative methodology, as it links traditional downstream diachrony with upstream diachronic reconstruction based on synchronic variation. Including theoretical reflections as well as fine-grained empirical studies, it brings together the most relevant authors in the field.

Finite State Morphology

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Author : Kenneth R. Beesley
language : en
Publisher: Center for the Study of Language and Information Publica Tion
Release Date : 2003

Finite State Morphology written by Kenneth R. Beesley and has been published by Center for the Study of Language and Information Publica Tion this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Computational linguistics categories.

The finite-state paradigm of computer science has provided a basis for natural-language applications that are efficient, elegant, and robust. This volume is a practical guide to finite-state theory and the affiliated programming languages lexc and xfst. Readers will learn how to write tokenizers, spelling checkers, and especially morphological analyzer/generators for words in English, French, Finnish, Hungarian, and other languages. Included are graded introductions, examples, and exercises suitable for individual study as well as formal courses. These take advantage of widely-tested lexc and xfst applications that are just becoming available for noncommercial use via the Internet.

Multilingual Europe

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Author : Guus Extra
language : en
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
Release Date : 2008-12-10

Multilingual Europe written by Guus Extra and has been published by Walter de Gruyter this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-12-10 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This book offers an inclusive perspective on the constellation of languages in Europe by taking into account official state languages, regional minority languages and immigrant minority languages. Although "celebrating linguistic diversity" is one of the key propositions in the European discourse on multilingualism and language policies, this device holds for these three types of languages in a decreasing order. All three types of languages, however, are constituent parts of a multilingual European identity and should be taken into account in any type of language policy. Both facts and policies on multilingualism and plurilingual education are addressed in case studies at the national and European level. The selection of case studies is based on a careful weighing of geographical spread of countries and languages across Europe on the one hand, and availability of established expert knowledge on the other. After an Introduction to the theme of the book (Guus Extra and Durk Gorter), Part I deals with official state languages with a focus on the spread of English as lingua franca across Europe (Juliane House), on French and France (Dennis Ager), on Polish in Poland and abroad (Justyna Lesniewśka), and on language constellations in the Baltic States (Gabrielle Hogan-Brun). Part II deals with regional minority languages with a focus on Catalan in Spain (Francesc Xavier Vila i Moreno), Frisian in the Netherlands (Durk Gorter et al.), Hungarian as a minority language in Central Europe (Susan Gal), and Saami in the Nordic countries (Mikael Svonni). Part III deals with immigrant minority languages in the United Kingdom (Viv Edwards), Sweden (Lilian Nygren-Junkin), Italy (Monica Barni and Carla Bagna) and Europe at large (Guus Extra and Kutlay Yağmur).

Handbook Of Perceptual Dialectology

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Author : Dennis R. Preston
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 1999-10-15

Handbook Of Perceptual Dialectology written by Dennis R. Preston and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-10-15 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Perceptual dialectology investigates what ordinary people (as opposed to professional linguists) believe about the distribution of language varieties in their own and surrounding speech communities and how they have arrived at and implement those beliefs. It studies the beliefs of the common folk about which dialects exist and, indeed, about what attitudes they have to these varieties. Some of this leads to discussion of what they believe about language in general, or “folk linguistics”. Surprising divergences from professional results can be found. For the professional, it is intriguing to find out why and whether the folk can be wrong or whether the professional has missed something.Volume 1 of this handbook aims to provide for the field of perceptual dialectology: • a historical survey; • a regional survey, adding to the earlier preponderance of studies in Japan, the Netherlands, and the United States; • a methodological survey, showing, in detail, how data have been acquired and processed; • an interpretive survey, showing how these data have been related to both linguistic and other socio-cultural facts; • a comprehensive bibliography. The results and methods of perceptual dialectical studies should be interesting not only to linguists, variationists, dialectologists, and students of the social psychology of language but also to sociologists, anthropologists, folklorists, and other students of culture as well as to language planners and educators.

Sulla Preistoria Della Tradizione Poetica Greca

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Author : Marcello Durante
language : it
Publisher:
Release Date : 1971

Sulla Preistoria Della Tradizione Poetica Greca written by Marcello Durante and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with Greek poetry categories.

Bilingual Conversation

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Author : Peter Auer
language : en
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
Release Date : 1984-01-01

Bilingual Conversation written by Peter Auer and has been published by John Benjamins Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984-01-01 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

Code-switching and related phenomena have met with linguists' increasing interest over the last decade. However, much of the research has been restricted to the structural (grammatical) properties of the use of two languages in conversation; scholars who have tried to capture the interactive meaning of switching have often failed to go beyond more or less anecdotal descriptions of individual, particularly striking, cases. The book bridges this gap by providing a coherent, comprehensive and generative model for language alternation, drawing on recent trends and methods in conversational analysis. The empirical basis is the speech of Italian migrant children in Constance, Germany.

Intonation In Romance

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Author : Sonia Frota
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015

Intonation In Romance written by Sonia Frota and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Foreign Language Study categories.

This book offers the first comprehensive description of the prosody of nine Romance languages that takes into account internal dialectal variation. Teams of experts examine the prosody of Catalan, French, Friulian, Italian, Occitan, Portuguese, Romanian, Sardinian, and Spanish using the Autosegmental Metrical framework of intonational phonology and the Tones and Breaks Indices (ToBI) transcription system. The chapters all share a common methodology, based on a common Discourse Completion Task questionnaire, and provide extensive empirical data. The authors then analyse how intonation patterns work together with other grammatical means such as syntactic constructions and discourse particles in the linguistic marking of a varied set of sentence types and pragmatic meanings across Romance languages. The ToBI prosodic systems and annotations proposed for each language are based both on a phonological analysis of the target language as well as on the shared goal of using ToBI analyses that are comparable across Romance languages. This book will pave the way for more systematic typological comparisons of prosody across both Romance and non-Romance languages.

The Dialects Of Italy

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Author : Dr Martin Maiden
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2006-03-07

The Dialects Of Italy written by Dr Martin Maiden and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-03-07 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.

This book makes accessible the major structural features of the dialects of Italy and emphasises the importance of a detailed understanding of the dialects for issues in general linguistic theory. Selected contents include: * Phonology * Morphology * Syntax * Lexis * The Dialect Areas * Sociolinguistics of Dialects Contributors: Paola Benica; Gaetano Berruto; Guglielmo Cinque; Michela Cennamo; Patrizia Cordin; Thamas Cravens; Marie-Jose Dalbera Stefanaggi; Franco Fanciullo; Werner Forner; Luciano Giannelli; John Hajek; Hermann Haller; Robert Hastings; Michael Jones; Michele Loporcaro; Martin Maiden; Marco Mazzoleni; Zarko Miljacic; Mair Parry; Cecilia Poletto; Lorenzo Renzi; Lori Repetti; Giovanni Ruffino; Giampaolo Salvi; Glauco Sanga; Leonardo Savoia; Alberto Sobrero; Rosanna Sornicola; Tullio Telmon; John Trumper; Edward Tuttle; Alberto Valvaro; Laura Vanelli; Ugo Vignuzzi; Nigel Vincent; Irene Vogel.

Linguistics

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Author : Jean Aitchison
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999

Linguistics written by Jean Aitchison and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Linguistics categories.

This introduction to linguistics covers such issues as language origin, the role of verbs, language and power, and sign language. This edition contains two new chapters, one on language and style which discusses literature, advertising and newspapers, and one on attitudes to language.

Afro Bolivian Spanish

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Author : John M. Lipski
language : en
Publisher: Iberoamericana Editorial
Release Date : 2008

Afro Bolivian Spanish written by John M. Lipski and has been published by Iberoamericana Editorial this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Foreign Language Study categories.

Based on extensive fieldwork in the Afro-Bolivian communities, this book provides a detailed description of this unique and fascinating Afro-Bolivian dialect.