Geological Surface Evolution Modeling
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Geological Surface Evolution Modeling
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Author : Amy Meredith Searcy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Geological Surface Evolution Modeling written by Amy Meredith Searcy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Diffusion processes categories.
Petroleum And Basin Evolution
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Author : Dietrich H. Welte
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Petroleum And Basin Evolution written by Dietrich H. Welte and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
This book has been prepared by the collaborative effort of two somewhat separate technical groups: the researchers at the Institute for Petroleum and Organic Geochemistry, Forschungszentrum Jii lich (KFA), and the technical staff of Integrated Exploration Systems (IES). One of us, Donald R. Baker, from Rice University, Houston, has spent so much time at KFA as a guest scientist and researcher that it is most appropriate for him to contribute to the book. During its more than 20-year history the KFA group has made numerous and significant contributions to the understanding of petroleum evolution. The KFA researchers have emphasized both the field and laboratory approaches to such important problems as source rock recognition and evaluation, oil and gas generation, maturation of organic matter, expulsion and migration of hydrocarbons, and crude oil composition and alteration. IES Jiilich has been a leader in the development and application of numerical simulation (basin modeling) procedures. The cooperation between the two groups has resulted in a very fruitful synergy effect both in the development of modeling software and in its application. The purpose of the present volume developed out of the 1994 publication by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists of a collection of individually authored papers entitled The Petroleum System - From Source to Trap, edited by L. B. Magoon and W. G. Dow.
Linking Surface Evolution With Mantle Dynamic Processes Using Adjoint Models With Data Assimilation
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Author : Lijun Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Linking Surface Evolution With Mantle Dynamic Processes Using Adjoint Models With Data Assimilation written by Lijun Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Earth (Planet) categories.
Quantifying the relationship between subsolidus mantle convection and surface evolution is a fundamental goal of geophysics. Toward this goal progress has been slow due to incomplete knowledge of the earth's internal structure and properties. While seismic tomography reveals details on internal 3D structure of the present mantle, evolution of the subsolidus mantle during the geological past remains elusive. This thesis attempts to solve the time inversion of mantle convection using the adjoint method based on present-day seismic images and geological and geophysical observations dictating the past evolution of solid earth. The adjoint method, widely used in meteorological and oceanographic predictions, can be applied to mantle convection for the recovery of unknown initial conditions through the assimilation of present-day mantle seismic structure. We propose that an optimal first guess to the initial condition can be obtained through a simple backward integration (SBI) of the governing equations thus lessening the computational expense. By incorporating time-dependent surface dynamic topography in addition to present-day mantle structure, the adjoint method is improved so as to constrain uncertain mantle dynamic properties and initial condition simultaneously. The theory is derived from the governing equations of mantle convection and validated by synthetic experiments for a single- and two-layer viscosity mantle within regionally bounded spherical shells. For both cases, we show that the theory can constrain mantle properties with errors arising through the adjoint recovery of the initial condition. For the two-layer model, there is a trade-off between the temperature scaling and lower mantle viscosity. By assimilating seismic structure and plate motions in the inverse mantle convection model, we reconstruct Farallon plate subduction back to 100 Ma. We put constraints on basic mantle properties, including both the depth dependence of mantle viscosity and slab buoyancy, by predicting proxies of dynamic topography evident in the stratigraphy of the North American Cretaceous western interior seaway. Models that fit stratigraphy well require the Farallon slab to have been flat lying in the Late Cretaceous, consistent with geological reconstructions. The models predict an extensive zone of shallow-dipping subduction extending beyond the flat-lying slab farther east and north, while the limited region of subducting flat slab resembles an oceanic plateau. In order to test the hypothesis of oceanic plateau subduction and its relationship to the Laramide orogeny, we compare the inverse convection model with plate reconstructions. Two prominent seismic anomalies on the Farallon plate recovered from inverse models coincide with paleogeographically-restored positions of conjugates to the Shatsky and Hess plateaus when they subducted beneath North America. The distributed shortening of the Laramide orogeny closely tracked the passage of the Shatsky conjugate beneath North America, while the effects of Hess conjugate subduction were restricted to the northern Mexico foreland belt. We find that Laramide uplifts were consequences of the removal, rather than the emplacement, of the Shatsky conjugate, and we predict that these subducted plateaus should be detectable by the USArray seismic experiment. The inverse convection models predict a continuous vertical motion history of western U.S., which is further validated by constraints on the vertical motion of the Colorado Plateau since the Cretaceous. With the arrival of the flat-lying Farallon slab, dynamic subsidence swept from west to east over the western U.S., peaking at 86 Ma within the Colorado Plateau. This eastward migrating dynamic subsidence is consistent with a recently compiled backstripping study that shows a long-wavelength residual subsidence shifting to the east, coincident with the passage of the flat slab beneath North America in our inverse model. Two stages of uplift followed the removal of the Farallon slab below the Colorado Plateau: one in the latest Cretaceous, and the other in the Eocene, with a cumulative uplift of ~1.2 km; the former represents the Laramide uplift which also marks the initial uplift of the entire western U.S. Both the descent of the slab and buoyant upwellings raised the Colorado Plateau to its current elevation during the Oligocene. A locally thick lithosphere enhances coupling to the upper mantle so that the Colorado Plateau has a higher topography with sharp edges. Our models also predict that the plateau tilted downward to the northeast before the Oligocene, caused by northeast-trending subduction of the Farallon slab, and that this northeast tilting diminished and reversed to the southwest during the Miocene in response to buoyant upwellings. Overall, this thesis shows that the adjoint models with data assimilation are useful in linking surface evolution to deep mantle processes both over North America and areas beyond. While more research is clearly needed to construct a more earth-like model, this thesis presents an important advance in data-oriented geodynamic models.
A Study In Earth S Geological Evolution
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Author : Nikolay O. Sorokhtin
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2020-08-25
A Study In Earth S Geological Evolution written by Nikolay O. Sorokhtin and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-25 with Science categories.
Like N. O. Sorokhtin’s most recent book, The Origins of Natural Diamonds, also available from Wiley-Scrivener at www.wiley.com, this is not just the story of the origin and evolution of the Baltic Shield, but a story about the evolution of the Earth’s geology in general. Important to geologists, geophysicists, and engineers across multiple disciplines, written by an expert in the field and an expert on the Earth’s geological evolution, this volume represents the state-of-the-art in major Earth geological processes. Of particular importance to mining engineers and petroleum engineers, it is also a practical guide for those who work in the mining or petroleum industry. Before presenting the most in-depth discussion of the Baltic Shield available and its implications for study by geologists and various industries such as the petroleum industry, the author presents a theory for how the Earth, as we know it, came into existence and developed. He bases this theory on scientific evidence and mathematical models, using this as a basis for further explanation of the Earth’s geological evolution. Valuable as either a learning tool for the student or as a reference or refresher for the veteran scientist or engineer, the author explains important geological processes, such as the Earth’s origin, composition, and structure, the Earth’s energy balance, continental drift, tectonic activity, the evolution of the Earth’s crust, and others. It is within this geological framework that the author offers practical guidance for engineers and scientists who work in industry or academia. It is a must-have for any geologist, geophysicist, or engineer working in mining or petroleum engineering.
Landscape Erosion And Evolution Modeling
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Author : Russell S. Harmon
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Landscape Erosion And Evolution Modeling written by Russell S. Harmon and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Landscapes are characterized by a wide variation, both spatially and temporally, of tolerance and response to natural processes and anthropogenic stress. These tolerances and responses can be analyzed through individual landscape parameters, such as soils, vegetation, water, etc., or holistically through ecosystem or watershed studies. However, such approaches are both time consuming and costly. Soil erosion and landscape evolution modeling provide a simulation environment in which both the short- and long-term consequences of land-use activities and alternative land use strategies can be compared and evaluated. Such models provide the foundation for the development of land management decision support systems. Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling is a state-of-the-art, interdisciplinary volume addressing the broad theme of soil erosion and landscape evolution modeling from different philosophical and technical approaches, ranging from those developed from considerations of first-principle soil/water physics and mechanics to those developed empirically according to sets of behavioral or empirical rules deriving from field observations and measurements. The validation and calibration of models through field studies is also included. This volume will be essential reading for researchers in earth, environmental and ecosystem sciences, hydrology, civil engineering, forestry, soil science, agriculture and climate change studies. In addition, it will have direct relevance to the public and private land management communities.
Applied Multidimensional Geological Modeling
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Author : Alan Keith Turner
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2021-06-21
Applied Multidimensional Geological Modeling written by Alan Keith Turner and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-21 with Science categories.
Over the past decades, geological survey organizations have digitized their data handling and holdings, unlocking vast amounts of data and information for computer processing. They have undertaken 3-D modeling alongside, and in some cases instead of, conventional geological mapping and begun delivering both data and interpretations to increasingly diverse stakeholder communities. Applied Multidimensional Geological Modeling provides a citable central source that documents the current capabilities and contributions of leading geological survey organization and other practitioners in industry and academia that are producing multidimensional geological models. This book focuses on applications related to human interactions with conditions in the shallow subsurface, within 100-200 m of the surface. The 26 chapters, developed by 100 contributors associated with 37 organizations, discuss topics relevant to any geologist, scientist, engineer, urban planner, or decision maker whose practice includes assessment or planning of underground space.
Thermochronological Methods
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Author : Frank Lisker
language : en
Publisher: Geological Society of London
Release Date : 2009
Thermochronological Methods written by Frank Lisker and has been published by Geological Society of London this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Science categories.
Thermochronology - the use of temperature-sensitive radiometric dating meth-ods to reconstruct the thermal histories of rocks - has proved to be an important means of constraining a wide variety of geological processes. Fission track and (U-Th)/He analyses of apatites, zircons and titanites are the best-established methods for reconstructing such histories over time scales of millions to hun-dreds of millions of years. The papers published in this volume are divided into two sections. The first sec-tion on 'New approaches in thermochronology', presents the most recent ad-vances of existing thermochronological methods and demonstrates the progress in the development of alternative thermochronometers and modelling tech-niques. The second section, 'Applied thermochronology', comprises original papers about denudation, long-term landscape evolution and detrital sources from the European Alps, northwestern Spain, the Ardennes, the Bohemian Massif, Fenno-scandia and Corsica. It also includes case studies from the Siberian Altai, Mozam-bique, South Africa and Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) and reports an ancient thermal anomaly within a regional fault in Japan.
Geologic Modeling And Mapping
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Author : Andrea Förster
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Geologic Modeling And Mapping written by Andrea Förster and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Science categories.
This volume is a compendium of papers on the subject, as noted in the book title, of modeling and mapping. They were presented at the 25th Anniversary meeting of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG) at Praha (Prague), Czech Republic in October of 1993. The Association, founded at the International Geological Congress (IGC) in Prague in 1968, returned to its origins for its Silver Anniversary celebration. All in all 146 papers by 276 authors were offered for the 165 attendees at the 3-day meeting convened in the Hotel Krystal. It was a time for remembrance and for future prognostication. The selected papers in Geologic Modeling and Mapping comprise a broad range of powerful techniques used nowadays in the earth sciences. Modeling stands for reconstruction of geological features, such as subsurface structure, in space and time, as well as for simulation of geological processes both providing scenarios of geologic events and how these events might have occurred. Mapping stands for spatial analysis of data, a topic that always has been an extremely important part of the earth sciences. Because both modeling and mapping are used widely in conjunction, the book title should reflect the close relation of the subjects rather than a division. Here, we bring together a collection of papers that hopefully contribute to the growing amount of knowledge on these techniques.
Granite Genesis In Situ Melting And Crustal Evolution
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Author : Guo-Neng Chen
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-06-26
Granite Genesis In Situ Melting And Crustal Evolution written by Guo-Neng Chen and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-06-26 with Science categories.
This book reviews current ideas explaining the formation of granite in terms of melting, segregation, ascent and emplacement. It introduces an alternative hypothesis that granites are endogenic in that they essentially form and remain at melting sites in the middle–upper crust under conditions of abnormally high heat flow. The book highlights results of Chinese research over the last 30 years in English for the first time.
Geochemical Modeling Of Groundwater Vadose And Geothermal Systems
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Author : Jochen Bundschuh
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2011-12-23
Geochemical Modeling Of Groundwater Vadose And Geothermal Systems written by Jochen Bundschuh and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-23 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Geochemical modeling is an important tool in environmental studies, and in the areas of subsurface and surface hydrology, pedology, water resources management, mining geology, geothermal resources, hydrocarbon geology, and related areas dealing with the exploration and extraction of natural resources. The book fills a gap in the literature through its discussion of geochemical modeling, which simulates the chemical and physical processes affecting the distribution of chemical species in liquid, gas, and solid phases. Geochemical modeling applies to a diversity of subsurface environments, from the vadose zone close to the Earth’s surface, down to deep-seated geothermal reservoirs. This book provides the fundamental thermodynamic concepts of liquid-gas-solid phase systems. It introduces the principal types of geochemical models, such as speciation, reaction-path or forward, inverse- and reactive-transport models, together with examples of the most common codes and the best-practices for constructing geochemical models. The physical laws describing homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions, their kinetics, and the transport of reactive solutes are presented. The partial differential or algebraic equations representing these laws, and the principal numerical methods that allow approximate solutions of these equations that can provide useful solutions to model different geochemical processes, are discussed in detail. Case studies applying geochemical models in different scientific areas and environmental settings, conclude the book. The book is addressed to students, teachers, other professionals, and to the institutions involved in water, geothermal and hydrocarbon resources, mining, and environmental management. The book should prove useful to undergraduate and graduate students, postgraduates, professional geologists and geophysicists, engineers, environmental scientists, soil scientists, hydrochemists, and others interested in water and geochemistry.