Global Effects Of Attention In Human Visual Cortex
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Global Effects Of Attention In Human Visual Cortex
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Author : Melissa Saenz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Global Effects Of Attention In Human Visual Cortex written by Melissa Saenz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
Effects Of Attention On Physiological Responses In Human Visual Cortex
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Author : Erik Runeson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Effects Of Attention On Physiological Responses In Human Visual Cortex written by Erik Runeson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Attention categories.
Behavioral performance often suffers when attention is divided across multiple visual items. These results are supported by fMRI experiments showing reduced responses during divided attention, relative to focused attention, in primary visual cortex. However, a subset of behavioral research on divided attention suggests that the costs of dividing attention are dependent on task complexity and stimulus type. For example, costs are typically minimal when searching for a constant target that is defined by simple features such as orientation or contrast. Here we show fMRI evidence in humans that shows no cost of dividing attention in a task that incorporates simple search, on responses in primary visual cortex. Observers determined whether or not a vertically oriented low-contrast Gabor patch was present within one or four relevant locations. All four locations were always occupied by horizontally oriented Gabor pedestals, and the probability of a target being present was independent across trials and locations. Only the number of relevant locations varied across conditions. We found that the BOLD signal measured from human V1 was not reduced by divided attention when the task and stimuli are simple, suggesting that neural processing of simple features in primary visual cortex has unlimited capacity, corroborating a recent finding in monkeys (Chen and Seidemann, 2012). Multiple visual tasks can be performed on the same visual input, with different tasks presumably engaging different neuronal populations. The modular layout of the visual system implies that specific cortical regions carry more information about certain stimulus attributes than others. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that decisions during a task will be optimal if they are based on the responses of the most informative neuronal signals, which presumably originate in regions with the sharpest tuning for the relevant stimulus feature. Previous studies have supported this position. Here we present the results of two fMRI experiments that confirm these findings and expand on earlier investigations by addressing the effects of the physical properties of an attended stimulus on task-related modulations in human visual cortex. Specifically, we ask whether performing two-alternative forced choice speed- and color-discrimination tasks (and other attentional processes) can modulate neural activity independent of visual stimulation, and whether the effect of spatial attention depends on which task is being performed. The results indicate that, (1) when stimulation and spatial attention are constant, responses in V4 and MT+ depend on the task being performed, and are independent of the tested physical properties of the selected stimulus, (2) this task-dependent modulation might require a stimulus - task-specific preparatory mechanisms alone are not sufficient to drive responses, and (3) independent of which task is being performed, spatial attention adds a baseline shift to responses in MT+ and V4 when a stimulus is present.
Encyclopedia Of Neuroscience
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Author : Marc D. Binder
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2008-10-13
Encyclopedia Of Neuroscience written by Marc D. Binder and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-13 with Medical categories.
This 5000-page masterwork is literally the last word on the topic and will be an essential resource for many. Unique in its breadth and detail, this encyclopedia offers a comprehensive and highly readable guide to a complex and fast-expanding field. The five-volume reference work gathers more than 10,000 entries, including in-depth essays by internationally known experts, and short keynotes explaining essential terms and phrases. In addition, expert editors contribute detailed introductory chapters to each of 43 topic fields ranging from the fundamentals of neuroscience to fascinating developments in the new, inter-disciplinary fields of Computational Neuroscience and Neurophilosophy. Some 1,000 multi-color illustrations enhance and expand the writings.
The Neural Consequences Of Reflexive Attention In Human Visual Cortex
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Author : Joseph Bernard Hopfinger
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
The Neural Consequences Of Reflexive Attention In Human Visual Cortex written by Joseph Bernard Hopfinger and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Effects Of Visual Attention On Stereoscopic Depth Perception In The Human Visual Cortex
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Author : Ifan Betina Ip
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Effects Of Visual Attention On Stereoscopic Depth Perception In The Human Visual Cortex written by Ifan Betina Ip and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Attention categories.
Visual Attention Mechanisms
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Author : Virginio Cantoni
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Visual Attention Mechanisms written by Virginio Cantoni and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Computers categories.
Proceedings of the Fifth International School on Neural Networks "E.R. Caianiello" on Visual Attention MechaProceedings of the Fifth International School on Neural Networks "E.R. Caianiello" on Visual Attention Mechanisms, held 23-28 October 2000 in Vietri sul Mare, Italy.nisms, held 23-28 October 2000 in Vietri sul Mare, Italy. The book covers a number of broad themes relevant to visual attention, ranging from computer vision to psychology and physiology of vision. The main theme of the book is the attention processes of vision systems and it aims to point out the analogies and the divergences of biological vision with the frameworks introduced by computer scientists in artificial vision.
The Breadth Of Visual Attention
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Author : Stephanie C. Goodhew
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2020-06-18
The Breadth Of Visual Attention written by Stephanie C. Goodhew and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-06-18 with Psychology categories.
Humans can focus their attention narrowly (e.g., to read this text) or broadly (e.g., to determine which way a large crowd of people are moving). This Element comprehensively considers attentional breadth. Section 1 introduces the concept of attentional breadth, while Section 2 considers measures of attentional breadth. In particular, this section provides a critical discussion of the types of psychometric evidence which should be sought to establish the validity of measures of attentional breadth and reviews the available evidence through this lens. Section 3 considers the visual task performance consequences of attentional breadth, including prescribing several key methodological criteria that studies that manipulate attentional breadth need to meet, as well as a discussion of relevant theories and avenues for future theoretical development. Section 4 discusses the utility of the exogenous-endogenous distinction from covert shifts of attention for understanding the performance consequences of attentional breadth. Finally, Section 5 provides concluding remarks.
Visual Cortex
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Author : Stephane Molotchnikoff
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2012-09-26
Visual Cortex written by Stephane Molotchnikoff and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-09-26 with Medical categories.
The neurosciences have experienced tremendous and wonderful progress in many areas, and the spectrum encompassing the neurosciences is expansive. Suffice it to mention a few classical fields: electrophysiology, genetics, physics, computer sciences, and more recently, social and marketing neurosciences. Of course, this large growth resulted in the production of many books. Perhaps the visual system and the visual cortex were in the vanguard because most animals do not produce their own light and offer thus the invaluable advantage of allowing investigators to conduct experiments in full control of the stimulus. In addition, the fascinating evolution of scientific techniques, the immense productivity of recent research, and the ensuing literature make it virtually impossible to publish in a single volume all worthwhile work accomplished throughout the scientific world. The days when a single individual, as Diderot, could undertake the production of an encyclopedia are gone forever. Indeed most approaches to studying the nervous system are valid and neuroscientists produce an almost astronomical number of interesting data accompanied by extremely worthy hypotheses which in turn generate new ventures in search of brain functions. Yet, it is fully justified to make an encore and to publish a book dedicated to visual cortex and beyond. Many reasons validate a book assembling chapters written by active researchers. Each has the opportunity to bind together data and explore original ideas whose fate will not fall into the hands of uncompromising reviewers of traditional journals. This book focuses on the cerebral cortex with a large emphasis on vision. Yet it offers the reader diverse approaches employed to investigate the brain, for instance, computer simulation, cellular responses, or rivalry between various targets and goal directed actions. This volume thus covers a large spectrum of research even though it is impossible to include all topics in the extremely diverse field of neurosciences.
The Oxford Handbook Of Attention
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Author : Kia Nobre
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018
The Oxford Handbook Of Attention written by Kia Nobre and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Medical categories.
During the last three decades, there have been enormous advances in our understanding of the neural mechanisms of selective attention at the network as well as the cellular level. The Oxford Handbook of Attention brings together the different research areas that constitute contemporary attention research into one comprehensive and authoritative volume. In 40 chapters, it covers the most important aspects of attention research from the areas of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, human and animal neuroscience, computational modelling, and philosophy. The book is divided into 4 main sections. Following an introduction from Michael Posner, the books starts by looking at theoretical models of attention. The next two sections are dedicated to spatial attention and non-spatial attention respectively. Within section 4, the authors consider the interactions between attention and other psychological domains. The last two sections focus on attention-related disorders, and finally, on computational models of attention. Aimed at both scholars and students, the Oxford Handbook of Attention provides a concise and state-of-the-art review of the current literature in this field.
Attention And Consciousness In Different Senses
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Author : Naotsugu Tsuchiya
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2013-06-03
Attention And Consciousness In Different Senses written by Naotsugu Tsuchiya and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-03 with categories.
Although often used in everyday speech and in the scholarly literature, “selective attention” and “consciousness” lack clear, undisputed definitions. Partly because of this deficit there exists a lively debate on the relationship between the two. Nevertheless, attention has been studied scientifically for a long time, because a variety of tasks allow researchers to control several of its aspects (e.g. focused and feature-based attention). Consciousness as a scientific subject of study has emerged more recently, but is now rapidly gaining traction. Scientific studies of consciousness concern the state or level of consciousness (e.g., awake as opposed to in coma, dreamless sleep or under anaesthesia) as well as the contents of consciousness or the phenomenology of perception. With the increase in consciousness-focused research, there is a concomitant surge in research examining the relationship between attention and consciousness. This relationship between attention and consciousness is the topic of this Research Topic. Contributions related to or focused solely on attention or on consciousness will not be considered. It had long been assumed that attention and consciousness are inextricably intertwined: two sides of the same coin. However, recently substantial evidence has emerged that attention and consciousness are interacting, but separable processes. It is however debated how tight the interactions are, and what the exact nature of the relationship is. Therefore, we invite researchers from different “camps” to provide opinionated but balanced literature reviews. Different groups will interpret the same data in different ways. We feel that combining these views in one Research Topic is immensely valuable to researchers from different fields. Apart from reviews we also invite potential contributors to provide new and exciting evidence in the form of original contributions that may support any of the different views. Even though attention and consciousness are critical aspects of many different cognitive processes, they are mainly studied (though not exclusively) in the domain of visual perception. In other sensory modalities, e.g. olfaction or audition, it is currently not clear whether distinctions between attention and consciousness exist, which is even more true for other cognitive processes such as memory. Therefore, we specifically invite contributions covering the auditory, somatosensory, olfactory, and memory domain. We ask all contributors to provide discussions on the relationship between attention and consciousness, and focus on (1) the influence of attention on sensory processing; (2) the formation of conscious perception, (3) the evidence for unconscious processing and its modulation by attention; (4) potential indications for dissociations between attention and consciousness (e.g. does paying attention to a stimulus decrease performance on e.g. a discrimination task?); (5) neuroimaging and neurophysiology data pertaining to these questions. Often, one is caught in one’s own research field and lacks the time or the knowledge to delve into another field. This Research Topic should provide a great overview in great breadth of the current state of knowledge on the links between attention and consciousness, and their interactions, in several different sensory modalities.