Globalization Poverty And Inequality Since 1980
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Globalization Poverty And Inequality Since 1980
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Author : David Dollar
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2004
Globalization Poverty And Inequality Since 1980 written by David Dollar and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Economic development categories.
One of the most contentious issues of globalization is the effect of global economic integration on inequality and poverty. This article documents five trends in the modern era of globalization, starting around 1980. The first trend is that growth rates in poor economies have accelerated and are higher than growth rates in rich countries for the first time in modern history. Developing countries per capita incomes grew more than 3.5 percent a year in the 1990s. Second, the number of extremely poor people in the world has declined significantly. The share of people in developing economies living on less than dollar 1 a day has been cut in half since 1981, though the decline in the share living on less than dollar 2 per day was much less dramatic. Third, global inequality has declined modestly, reversing a 200-year trend toward higher inequality. Fourth, within-country inequality in general is not growing, though it has risen in several populous countries (China, India, and the United States). Fifth, wage inequality is rising worldwide. This may seem to contradict the fourth trend, but it does not because there is no simple link between wage inequality and household income inequality. Furthermore, the trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing areas
Globalization Poverty And Inequality Since 1980
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Author : David Dollar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Globalization Poverty And Inequality Since 1980 written by David Dollar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
One of the most contentious issues of globalization is the effect of global economic integration on inequality and poverty. This paper documents five trends in the modern era of globalization, starting around 1980. Trend #1: Poor country growth rates have accelerated and are higher than rich country growth rates - for the first time in modern history. The developing world economy grew at more than 3.5 percent per capita in the 1990s. Trend #2: The number of poor people in the world has declined significantly - by 375 million people since 1981 -- the first such decline in history. The share of the developing world population living on less than $1 per day was cut in half since 1981. Trend #3: Global inequality (among citizens of the world) has declined - modestly -- reversing a 200-year-old trend toward higher inequality. Trend #4: There is no general trend toward higher inequality within countries. Trend #5: Wage inequality is rising worldwide (which may seem to contradict trend #4, but it does not because wages are a small part of household income in developing countries, which make up the bulk of the world in terms of countries and population). Furthermore, the trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in the developing countries in which there has been the most rapid integration with the global economy, supporting the view that integration has been a positive force for improving peoples lives in the developing world.
Globalization Poverty And Inequality
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Author : Raphael Kaplinsky
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2013-05-13
Globalization Poverty And Inequality written by Raphael Kaplinsky and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-13 with Political Science categories.
Globalization is characterised by persistent poverty and growing inequality. Conventional wisdom has it that this global poverty is residual – as globalization deepens, the poor will be lifted out of destitution. The policies of the World Bank, the IMF and the WTO echo this belief and push developing countries ever deeper into the global economy. Globalization, Poverty and Inequality provides an alternative viewpoint. It argues that for many – particularly for those living in Latin America, Asia and Central Europe – poverty and globalization are relational. It is the very workings of the global system which condemn many to poverty. In particular the mobility of investment, and the large pool of increasingly skilled workers in China and other parts of Asia, are driving down global wages. This poses challenges for policy makers in firms and countries throughout the world. It also challenges the very sustainability of globalisation itself. Are we about to witness the implosion of globalisation, as occurred between 1913 and 1950? Using a variety of theoretical frameworks and drawing on a vast amount of original research, this book will be an invaluable resource for all students of globalization and its effects.
Discuss The Impact Of Globalization On Global Poverty And Inequality
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Author : Veronika Minkova
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2011-09-28
Discuss The Impact Of Globalization On Global Poverty And Inequality written by Veronika Minkova and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-28 with Political Science categories.
Essay from the year 2010 in the subject Politics - Topic: Globalization, Political Economics, grade: 1,7, King`s College London, language: English, abstract: The period from the end of the World War II to the mid-1970s saw world-wide sustained and high economic growth. Within a generation Western European society was transformed from predominantly agrarian to post-industrial. Latin America, Asia and Africa also were heading towards higher growth rates. During the 1980s, a new period of integration of national economies led to the intensification of international economic interconnectedness and developing economies were expected to overcome the between-country income gap through openness-growth link. This was seen as the manifestation of neoliberalism as new forms of international economic relations emerged such as industrialisation and the new international division of labour. However, as recent studies point towards increasing world poverty and inequality, scholars have re-examined the validity of the neoliberal argument. After years of implementing prescribed reforms, some developing countries and regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa, have not experienced the expected growth. Chapter 2 summarizes the implications of the policy-paradigm inspired by the Washington Consensus. Chapter 3 identifies current trends in global poverty and inequality with attention to the different measures used to interpret world economic well-being. The next chapter analyses the openness-growth-inequality-poverty nexus. The final chapter seeks to recognize causes of poverty and inequality transmitted by the globalization process. The factors of poverty and inequality path dependence are grouped in four categories: economic openness and technological progress; macroeconomic policies; financialisation of the economy; and international financial institutions.
Flat World Big Gaps
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Author : United Nations
language : en
Publisher: Zed Books
Release Date : 2007-03
Flat World Big Gaps written by United Nations and has been published by Zed Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-03 with Business & Economics categories.
This publication sets out an empirical analysis of the impact of economic liberalisation and globalisation on inequality, poverty and development, including recent trends in economic growth, income distribution and global inequalities, and the comparative experiences of countries that have pursued different economic policies.
What Do We Know About Globalization
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Author : Guillermo de la Dehesa
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2009-02-04
What Do We Know About Globalization written by Guillermo de la Dehesa and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-02-04 with Political Science categories.
What Do We Know About Globalization: Issues of Poverty & Income Distribution examines the two fundamental arguments that are often raised against globalization: that it produces inequality and that it increases poverty. A lively and accessible argument about the impact and consequences of globalization from a leading figure in economics - Dehesa is Chairman of the Centre for Economic Policy Research and a member of the Group of Thirty Demonstrates the ways in which wealthy nations and developing countries alike have failed to implement changes that would result in a reversal of these social ills Dispels the notion of the so-called 'victim of globalization', demonstrating how, despite popular belief, acceleration of globalization actually stands to reduce the levels of poverty and inequality worldwide Asks whether increased technological, economic, and cultural change can save us from international income inequality, and by extension, further violence, terrorism and war
Inequality Growth And Poverty In An Era Of Liberalization And Globalization
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Author : Giovanni Andrea Cornia
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press on Demand
Release Date : 2005
Inequality Growth And Poverty In An Era Of Liberalization And Globalization written by Giovanni Andrea Cornia and has been published by Oxford University Press on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Business & Economics categories.
Within-country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, all transitional, and many developing countries. More recently, inequality has risen also in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last twenty years, inequality worsened in 70per cent of the 73 countries analysed in this volume, with the Gini index rising by over five points in half of them. In several cases, the Gini index follows a U-shaped pattern, with the turn-around point located between the late 1970s and early 1990s. Where the shift towards liberalization andglobalization was concluded, the right arm of the U stabilized at the 'steady state level of inequality' typical of the new policy regime, as observed in the UK after 1990. Mainstream theory focusing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by either North-South trade, migration, or technological change poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization-high land concentration, unequal access toeducation, the urban bias, the 'curse of natural resources'-still account for much of cross-country variation in income inequality, they cannot explain its recent rise. This volume suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy-driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread and spatial inequality. In this regard, the volume discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financialliberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume thus represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital accountliberalization appears to have had-on average-the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects.
Flat World Big Gaps
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Author : Jomo Kwame Sundaram
language : en
Publisher: UN
Release Date : 2007-01-01
Flat World Big Gaps written by Jomo Kwame Sundaram and has been published by UN this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Many mainstream economists have claimed that globalization creates worldwide growth, and that economic liberalization will lead to the economic convergence and lower inequality. It is now clear that since the 1980 s the world economy has experienced slower growth as well as greater inequalities at the national level. The research in this volume provides rigorous empirical analyses of how economic liberalization has actually affected inequality, poverty and development in recent decades. Avoiding polemics and rhetoric, the book provides a balanced account of recent trends, the effect of globalization and liberalization, and the comparative experiences of countries that have pursued different economic policies and trajectories.
Inequality Growth And Poverty In An Era Of Liberalization And Globalization
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Author : Giovanni Andrea Cornia
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2004-03-18
Inequality Growth And Poverty In An Era Of Liberalization And Globalization written by Giovanni Andrea Cornia and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-03-18 with Business & Economics categories.
Within-country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, all transitional, and many developing countries. More recently, inequality has risen also in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last twenty years, inequality worsened in 70 per cent of the 73 countries analysed in this volume, with the Gini index rising by over five points in half of them. In several cases, the Gini index follows a U-shaped pattern, with the turn-around point located between the late 1970s and early 1990s. Where the shift towards liberalization and globalization was concluded, the right arm of the U stabilized at the 'steady state level of inequality' typical of the new policy regime, as observed in the UK after 1990. Mainstream theory focusing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by either North-South trade, migration, or technological change poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization-high land concentration, unequal access to education, the urban bias, the 'curse of natural resources'-still account for much of cross-country variation in income inequality, they cannot explain its recent rise. This volume suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy-driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread and spatial inequality. In this regard, the volume discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financial liberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume thus represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital account liberalization appears to have had-on average-the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects.
Imagine There S No Country
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Author : Surjit Bhalla
language : en
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Release Date : 2002-09-24
Imagine There S No Country written by Surjit Bhalla and has been published by Columbia University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-09-24 with Political Science categories.
A new era of globalization, which began in the 1980s, brought about a significant decline in costs of transportation, communication, and production; considerably improved intercountry competitiveness; and broke down trade and cultural barriers among countries. The concept of a sovereign nation has been increasingly questioned in recent years. Some, indeed, have imagined a world without boundaries, without countries. Others who doubt the benefits of globalization have called for increased protectionism and greater regulation of economic activity. Has globalization made the world grow faster? Has poverty declined at a faster pace during globalization? If yes, why? If not, is it because the growth rate was lower, or because inequality worsened, or both? Who gained from globalization? Was it the elite in both the developed and developing world? What about the middle class? Who are they? How did they benefit from (or lose to) the forces of globalization? This comprehensive study firmly debunks several popular myths such as the belief that globalization has resulted in lower overall growth rates for poor countries, increasing world inequality, and stagnating poverty levels. Through rigorous, integrated methodologies and an enhanced dataset, the author, Surjit Bhalla, answers some of the most pressing policy issues confronting us today.