Graph Colouring And The Probabilistic Method
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Graph Colouring And The Probabilistic Method
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Author : Michael Molloy
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Graph Colouring And The Probabilistic Method written by Michael Molloy and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Mathematics categories.
Over the past decade, many major advances have been made in the field of graph coloring via the probabilistic method. This monograph, by two of the best on the topic, provides an accessible and unified treatment of these results, using tools such as the Lovasz Local Lemma and Talagrand's concentration inequality.
The Probabilistic Method
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Author : Noga Alon
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2004-04-05
The Probabilistic Method written by Noga Alon and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-04-05 with Mathematics categories.
The leading reference on probabilistic methods in combinatorics-now expanded and updated When it was first published in 1991, The Probabilistic Method became instantly the standard reference on one of the most powerful and widely used tools in combinatorics. Still without competition nearly a decade later, this new edition brings you up to speed on recent developments, while adding useful exercises and over 30% new material. It continues to emphasize the basic elements of the methodology, discussing in a remarkably clear and informal style both algorithmic and classical methods as well as modern applications. The Probabilistic Method, Second Edition begins with basic techniques that use expectation and variance, as well as the more recent martingales and correlation inequalities, then explores areas where probabilistic techniques proved successful, including discrepancy and random graphs as well as cutting-edge topics in theoretical computer science. A series of proofs, or "probabilistic lenses," are interspersed throughout the book, offering added insight into the application of the probabilistic approach. New and revised coverage includes: * Several improved as well as new results * A continuous approach to discrete probabilistic problems * Talagrand's Inequality and other novel concentration results * A discussion of the connection between discrepancy and VC-dimension * Several combinatorial applications of the entropy function and its properties * A new section on the life and work of Paul Erdös-the developer of the probabilistic method
Ten Lectures On The Probabilistic Method
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Author : Joel Spencer
language : en
Publisher: SIAM
Release Date : 1994-01-01
Ten Lectures On The Probabilistic Method written by Joel Spencer and has been published by SIAM this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-01-01 with Mathematics categories.
This update of the 1987 title of the same name is an examination of what is currently known about the probabilistic method, written by one of its principal developers. Based on the notes from Spencer's 1986 series of ten lectures, this new edition contains an additional lecture: The Janson inequalities. These inequalities allow accurate approximation of extremely small probabilities. A new algorithmic approach to the Lovasz Local Lemma, attributed to Jozsef Beck, has been added to Lecture 8, as well. Throughout the monograph, Spencer retains the informal style of his original lecture notes and emphasizes the methodology, shunning the more technical "best possible" results in favor of clearer exposition. The book is not encyclopedic--it contains only those examples that clearly display the methodology. The probabilistic method is a powerful tool in graph theory, combinatorics, and theoretical computer science. It allows one to prove the existence of objects with certain properties (e.g., colorings) by showing that an appropriately defined random object has positive probability of having those properties.
Coloring Triangle Free Graphs And Network Games
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Author : Mohammad Shoaib Jamall
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Coloring Triangle Free Graphs And Network Games written by Mohammad Shoaib Jamall and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
A proper vertex coloring of a graph is an assignment of colors to all vertices such that adjacent vertices have distinct colors. The chromatic number [chi](G) of a graph G is the minimum number of colors required for a proper vertex coloring. In this dissertation, we give some background on graph coloring and applications of the probabilistic method to graph coloring problems. We then give three results about graph coloring. * Let G be a triangle-free graph with maximum degree [Delta](G). We show that the chromatic number [chi](G) is less than 67(1 + o(1))[Delta;] log [Delta]. This number is best possible up to a constant factor for triangle-free graphs. * We give a randomized algorithm that properly colors the vertices of a triangle- free graph G on n vertices using O([Delta](G)/ log [Delta](G)) colors. The algorithm takes O(n [Delta]2 log [Delta] (G)) time and succeeds with high probability, provided [Delta](G) is greater than log1[epsilon]) n for a positive constant [epsilon]. We analyze a network(graph) coloring game. In each round of the game, each player, as a node in a network G, randomly chooses one of the available colors that is different from all colors played by its neighbors in the previous round. We show that the coloring game converges to its Nash equilibrium if the number of colors is at least [Delta](G) + 2. Examples are given for which convergence does not happen with [Delta](G) + 1 colors. We also show that with probability at least 1 - [delta], the number of rounds required is O(log(n/[delta])).
Cliques Degrees And Coloring
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Author : Thomas Kelly
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Cliques Degrees And Coloring written by Thomas Kelly and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Graph coloring categories.
Many of the most celebrated and influential results in graph coloring, such as Brooks' Theorem and Vizing's Theorem, relate a graph's chromatic number to its clique number or maximum degree. Currently, several of the most important and enticing open problems in coloring, such as Reed's $\omega, \Delta, \chi$ Conjecture, follow this theme. This thesis both broadens and deepens this classical paradigm. In Part~1, we tackle list-coloring problems in which the number of colors available to each vertex $v$ depends on its degree, denoted $d(v)$, and the size of the largest clique containing it, denoted $\omega(v)$. We make extensive use of the probabilistic method in this part. We conjecture the ``list-local version'' of Reed's Conjecture, that is every graph is $L$-colorable if $L$ is a list-assignment such that $$|L(v)| \geq \lceil (1 - \varepsilon)(d(v) + 1) + \varepsilon\omega(v))\rceil$$ for each vertex $v$ and $\varepsilon \leq 1/2$, and we prove this for $\varepsilon \leq 1/330$ under some mild additional assumptions. We also conjecture the ``$\mathrm{mad}$ version'' of Reed's Conjecture, even for list-coloring. That is, for $\varepsilon \leq 1/2$, every graph $G$ satisfies $$\chi_\ell(G) \leq \lceil (1 - \varepsilon)(\mad(G) + 1) + \varepsilon\omega(G)\rceil,$$ where $\mathrm{mad}(G)$ is the maximum average degree of $G$. We prove this conjecture for small values of $\varepsilon$, assuming $\omega(G) \leq \mathrm{mad}(G) - \log^{10}\mathrm{mad}(G)$. We actually prove a stronger result that improves bounds on the density of critical graphs without large cliques, a long-standing problem, answering a question of Kostochka and Yancey. In the proof, we use a novel application of the discharging method to find a set of vertices for which any precoloring can be extended to the remainder of the graph using the probabilistic method. Our result also makes progress towards Hadwiger's Conjecture: we improve the best known bound on the chromatic number of $K_t$-minor free graphs by a constant factor. We provide a unified treatment of coloring graphs with small clique number. We prove that for $\Delta$ sufficiently large, if $G$ is a graph of maximum degree at most $\Delta$ with list-assignment $L$ such that for each vertex $v\in V(G)$, $$|L(v)| \geq 72\cdot d(v)\min\left\{\sqrt{\frac{\ln(\omega(v))}{\ln(d(v))}}, \frac{\omega(v)\ln(\ln(d(v)))}{\ln(d(v))}, \frac{\log_2(\chi(G[N(v)]) + 1)}{\ln(d(v))}\right\}$$ and $d(v) \geq \ln^2\Delta$, then $G$ is $L$-colorable. This result simultaneously implies three famous results of Johansson from the 90s, as well as the following new bound on the chromatic number of any graph $G$ with $\omega(G)\leq \omega$ and $\Delta(G)\leq \Delta$ for $\Delta$ sufficiently large: $$\chi(G) \leq 72\Delta\sqrt{\frac{\ln\omega}{\ln\Delta}}.$$ In Part~2, we introduce and develop the theory of fractional coloring with local demands. A fractional coloring of a graph is an assignment of measurable subsets of the $[0, 1]$-interval to each vertex such that adjacent vertices receive disjoint sets, and we think of vertices ``demanding'' to receive a set of color of comparatively large measure. We prove and conjecture ``local demands versions'' of various well-known coloring results in the $\omega, \Delta, \chi$ paradigm, including Vizing's Theorem and Molloy's recent breakthrough bound on the chromatic number of triangle-free graphs. The highlight of this part is the ``local demands version'' of Brooks' Theorem. Namely, we prove that if $G$ is a graph and $f : V(G) \rightarrow [0, 1]$ such that every clique $K$ in $G$ satisfies $\sum_{v\in K}f(v) \leq 1$ and every vertex $v\in V(G)$ demands $f(v) \leq 1/(d(v) + 1/2)$, then $G$ has a fractional coloring $\phi$ in which the measure of $\phi(v)$ for each vertex $v\in V(G)$ is at least $f(v)$. This result generalizes the Caro-Wei Theorem and improves its bound on the independence number, and it is tight for the 5-cycle.
The Probabilistic Method
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Author : Noga Alon
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2015-11-02
The Probabilistic Method written by Noga Alon and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-11-02 with Mathematics categories.
Praise for the Third Edition “Researchers of any kind of extremal combinatorics or theoretical computer science will welcome the new edition of this book.” - MAA Reviews Maintaining a standard of excellence that establishes The Probabilistic Method as the leading reference on probabilistic methods in combinatorics, the Fourth Edition continues to feature a clear writing style, illustrative examples, and illuminating exercises. The new edition includes numerous updates to reflect the most recent developments and advances in discrete mathematics and the connections to other areas in mathematics, theoretical computer science, and statistical physics. Emphasizing the methodology and techniques that enable problem-solving, The Probabilistic Method, Fourth Edition begins with a description of tools applied to probabilistic arguments, including basic techniques that use expectation and variance as well as the more advanced applications of martingales and correlation inequalities. The authors explore where probabilistic techniques have been applied successfully and also examine topical coverage such as discrepancy and random graphs, circuit complexity, computational geometry, and derandomization of randomized algorithms. Written by two well-known authorities in the field, the Fourth Edition features: Additional exercises throughout with hints and solutions to select problems in an appendix to help readers obtain a deeper understanding of the best methods and techniques New coverage on topics such as the Local Lemma, Six Standard Deviations result in Discrepancy Theory, Property B, and graph limits Updated sections to reflect major developments on the newest topics, discussions of the hypergraph container method, and many new references and improved results The Probabilistic Method, Fourth Edition is an ideal textbook for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level students majoring in mathematics, computer science, operations research, and statistics. The Fourth Edition is also an excellent reference for researchers and combinatorists who use probabilistic methods, discrete mathematics, and number theory. Noga Alon, PhD, is Baumritter Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Tel Aviv University. He is a member of the Israel National Academy of Sciences and Academia Europaea. A coeditor of the journal Random Structures and Algorithms, Dr. Alon is the recipient of the Polya Prize, The Gödel Prize, The Israel Prize, and the EMET Prize. Joel H. Spencer, PhD, is Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Courant Institute of New York University. He is the cofounder and coeditor of the journal Random Structures and Algorithms and is a Sloane Foundation Fellow. Dr. Spencer has written more than 200 published articles and is the coauthor of Ramsey Theory, Second Edition, also published by Wiley.
Probabilistic Methods For Algorithmic Discrete Mathematics
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Author : Michel Habib
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-14
Probabilistic Methods For Algorithmic Discrete Mathematics written by Michel Habib and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-14 with Mathematics categories.
Leave nothing to chance. This cliche embodies the common belief that ran domness has no place in carefully planned methodologies, every step should be spelled out, each i dotted and each t crossed. In discrete mathematics at least, nothing could be further from the truth. Introducing random choices into algorithms can improve their performance. The application of proba bilistic tools has led to the resolution of combinatorial problems which had resisted attack for decades. The chapters in this volume explore and celebrate this fact. Our intention was to bring together, for the first time, accessible discus sions of the disparate ways in which probabilistic ideas are enriching discrete mathematics. These discussions are aimed at mathematicians with a good combinatorial background but require only a passing acquaintance with the basic definitions in probability (e.g. expected value, conditional probability). A reader who already has a firm grasp on the area will be interested in the original research, novel syntheses, and discussions of ongoing developments scattered throughout the book. Some of the most convincing demonstrations of the power of these tech niques are randomized algorithms for estimating quantities which are hard to compute exactly. One example is the randomized algorithm of Dyer, Frieze and Kannan for estimating the volume of a polyhedron. To illustrate these techniques, we consider a simple related problem. Suppose S is some region of the unit square defined by a system of polynomial inequalities: Pi (x. y) ~ o.
The Probabilistic Method In Combinatorics
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Author : Researcher in combinatorics He
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
The Probabilistic Method In Combinatorics written by Researcher in combinatorics He and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
The probabilistic method is the art of introducing probability to prove results that often do not involve randomness to begin with. In this thesis, we present four applications of this powerful technique, which has become one of the cornerstones of modern combinatorics. First, we prove a new lower bound for online Ramsey numbers, giving for the first time an exponential separation between the lower bounds for classical and online Ramsey numbers. Informally, this means that it is quite difficult to adaptively find a monochromatic clique in an edge-coloring of a large complete graph. Next, we determine the growth rate of a certain off-diagonal hypergraph Ramsey number, answering a question of Erdős and Hajnal from 1972. This is the first nontrivial hypergraph Ramsey number whose exponential order has been determined. The proof introduces a new random model for hypergraphs and relies heavily on the entropy method. Third, we apply the entropy method to extremal graph theory, proving Tomescu's graph-coloring conjecture from 1971. This determines the maximum number of proper k-colorings of any graph with chromatic number k and n vertices. In the proof we use an entropy inequality related to sequential importance sampling, an estimation technique from statistics. Finally, we present a result in probabilistic combinatorics outside graph theory. An n-permutation is called k-universal if it contains every k-permutation as a pattern, and it is known that the shortest k-universal permutation has length O(k^2). It was suggested by Alon that actually almost all n-permutations are k-universal for some n=O(k^2), and he proved that a random permutation of length O(k^2 logk) is k-universal with high probability. Using a structure-versus-randomness approach, we improve this bound to O(k^2 loglogk), almost closing the gap to the conjecture.
Graph Colouring And Applications
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Author : Pierre Hansen
language : en
Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.
Release Date : 1999
Graph Colouring And Applications written by Pierre Hansen and has been published by American Mathematical Soc. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Mathematics categories.
This volume presents the proceedings of the CRM workshop on graph coloring and applications. The articles span a wide spectrum of topics related to graph coloring, including: list-colorings, total colorings, colorings and embeddings of graphs, chromatic polynomials, characteristic polynomials, chromatic scheduling, and graph coloring problems related to frequency assignment. Outstanding researchers in combinatorial optimization and graph theory contributed their work. A list of open problems is included.
The Probabilistic Method
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Author : Noga Alon
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2016-01-26
The Probabilistic Method written by Noga Alon and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-26 with Mathematics categories.
Praise for the Third Edition “Researchers of any kind of extremal combinatorics or theoretical computer science will welcome the new edition of this book.” - MAA Reviews Maintaining a standard of excellence that establishes The Probabilistic Method as the leading reference on probabilistic methods in combinatorics, the Fourth Edition continues to feature a clear writing style, illustrative examples, and illuminating exercises. The new edition includes numerous updates to reflect the most recent developments and advances in discrete mathematics and the connections to other areas in mathematics, theoretical computer science, and statistical physics. Emphasizing the methodology and techniques that enable problem-solving, The Probabilistic Method, Fourth Edition begins with a description of tools applied to probabilistic arguments, including basic techniques that use expectation and variance as well as the more advanced applications of martingales and correlation inequalities. The authors explore where probabilistic techniques have been applied successfully and also examine topical coverage such as discrepancy and random graphs, circuit complexity, computational geometry, and derandomization of randomized algorithms. Written by two well-known authorities in the field, the Fourth Edition features: Additional exercises throughout with hints and solutions to select problems in an appendix to help readers obtain a deeper understanding of the best methods and techniques New coverage on topics such as the Local Lemma, Six Standard Deviations result in Discrepancy Theory, Property B, and graph limits Updated sections to reflect major developments on the newest topics, discussions of the hypergraph container method, and many new references and improved results The Probabilistic Method, Fourth Edition is an ideal textbook for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level students majoring in mathematics, computer science, operations research, and statistics. The Fourth Edition is also an excellent reference for researchers and combinatorists who use probabilistic methods, discrete mathematics, and number theory. Noga Alon, PhD, is Baumritter Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at Tel Aviv University. He is a member of the Israel National Academy of Sciences and Academia Europaea. A coeditor of the journal Random Structures and Algorithms, Dr. Alon is the recipient of the Polya Prize, The Gödel Prize, The Israel Prize, and the EMET Prize. Joel H. Spencer, PhD, is Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Courant Institute of New York University. He is the cofounder and coeditor of the journal Random Structures and Algorithms and is a Sloane Foundation Fellow. Dr. Spencer has written more than 200 published articles and is the coauthor of Ramsey Theory, Second Edition, also published by Wiley.
