Growth And Jobs In Developing Economies Trends And Cycles
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Growth And Jobs In Developing Economies Trends And Cycles
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Author : Zidong An
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2017-11-17
Growth And Jobs In Developing Economies Trends And Cycles written by Zidong An and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-17 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper investigates the relationship between economic growth and job creation in developing economies with a focus on low and lower middle-income countries along two dimensions: growth patterns and short-run correlations. Analysis on growth patterns shows that regime changes are quite common in both economic growth and employment growth, yet they are not synchronized with each other. Okun’s Law—the short-run relationship between output and labor market—holds in half of the countries in our sample and shows considerable cross-country heterogeneity.
Informality Trends And Cycles
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Author : Norman Loayza
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2006
Informality Trends And Cycles written by Norman Loayza and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Active Labor categories.
This paper studies the trends and cycles of informal employment. It first presents a theoretical model where the size of informal employment is determined by the relative costs and benefits of informality and the distribution of workers' skills. In the long run, informal employment varies with the trends in these variables, and in the short run it reacts to accommodate transient shocks and to close the gap that separates it from its trend level. The paper then uses an error-correction framework to examine empirically informality's long- and short-run relationships. For this purpose, it uses country-level data at annual frequency for a sample of industrial and developing countries, with the share of self-employment in the labor force as the proxy for informal employment. The paper finds that, in the long run, informality is larger in countries that have lower GDP per capita and impose more costs to formal firms in the form of more rigid business regulations, less valuable police and judicial services, and weaker monitoring of informality. In the short run, informal employment is found to be counter-cyclical for the majority of countries, with the degree of counter-cyclicality being lower in countries with larger informal employment and better police and judicial services. Moreover, informal employment follows a stable, trend-reverting process. These results are robust to changes in the sample and to the influence of outliers, even when only developing countries are considered in the analysis.
Trends And Cycles In Economic Activity
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Author : William Fellner
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1956
Trends And Cycles In Economic Activity written by William Fellner and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1956 with Business cycles categories.
Emerging Market Business Cycles
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Author : Ms.Emine Boz
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2012-10-02
Emerging Market Business Cycles written by Ms.Emine Boz and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-02 with Business & Economics categories.
Emerging economies are characterized by higher consumption and real wage variability relative to output and a strongly countercyclical current account. A real business cycle model of a small open economy that embeds a Mortensen-Pissarides type of search-matching frictions and countercyclical interest rate shocks can jointly account for these regularities. In the face of countercyclical interest rate shocks, search-matching frictions increase future employment uncertainty, improving workers’ incentive to save and generating a greater response of consumption and the current account. Higher consumption response in turn feeds into larger fluctuations in the workers’ bargaining power while the interest rates shocks lead to variations in the firms’ willingness to hire; both of which contribute to a highly variable real wage.
Jobs Earnings And Employment Growth Policies In The United States
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Author : John D. Kasarda
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Jobs Earnings And Employment Growth Policies In The United States written by John D. Kasarda and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
John D. Kasarda By all accounts, the United States has led the world in job creation. During the past 20 years, its economy added nearly 40 million jobs while the combined European Economic Community added none. Since 1983 alone, the U. S. gener ated more than 15 million jobs and its unemployment rate dropped from 7. 5 percent to approximately 5 percent while the unemployment rate in much of western Europe climbed to double digits. Even Japan's job creation record pales in comparison to the United States'. with its annual employment growth rate less than half that of the United States over the past 15 years (0. 8 percent vs. 2 percent. ) Yet, as the U. S. economy has been churning out millions of jobs annually, con flicting views and heated debates have emerged regarding the quality of these new jobs and its implications for standards of living and U. S. economic competi tiveness. Many argue that the "great American job machine" is a "mirage" or "grand illusion. " Rather than adding productive, secure, well-paying jobs, most new employment, critics contend, consists of poverty level, dead-end, service sector jobs that contribute little or nothing to the nation's productivity and inter national competitiveness. Much of the blame is placed on Reagan-Bush policies that critics say undermine labor unions, encourage wasteful corporate restructur ing, foster exploitative labor practices, and reduce fiscal support for education and needed social services.
Unemployment And Technical Innovation
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Author : Christopher Freeman
language : en
Publisher: Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press
Release Date : 1982
Unemployment And Technical Innovation written by Christopher Freeman and has been published by Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Economic development categories.
Study on interrelations among unemployment, innovations, business cycles and economic development - discusses the theoretical background, clustering of inventions and innovations (partic. Electronics industry), historical and current trends (1870-1980) and long term fluctuations in research and development, investment, economic growth, economic structure and employment creation, etc.; stresses the need for well-conceived economic policies to simultaneously promote technological change and combat unemployment and inflation. Graphs and references.
Growth Mechanism Of Developing Economies
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Author : Kazushi Ohkawa
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993
Growth Mechanism Of Developing Economies written by Kazushi Ohkawa and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Business & Economics categories.
Employment Growth And Development
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Author : Deepak Nayyar
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2017-09-25
Employment Growth And Development written by Deepak Nayyar and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-25 with Business & Economics categories.
This book examines the critical themes of employment, growth and development to focus on challenges and opportunities, both old and new, in the contemporary world economy. The essential theme that runs through the book is that there is a strong relationship not only between employment and growth, but also between employment and development, where the causation runs in both directions. The author shows how employment transforms economic growth into meaningful development by providing livelihoods and incomes to people. While the book is primarily concerned with developing countries, it considers industrialized countries as points of reference or comparison, since the latter are a large part of an interdependent world, in which problems faced by the two sets of countries are frequently connected and sometimes common. The ten essays in this volume also provide a macroeconomic analysis of development problems situated in the wider context of a changing world economy, exploring possible solutions, to understand the implications for countries and for people. A timely collection by an eminent economist, this book will be useful to teachers, students and researchers in economics, especially those interested in macroeconomics, political economy and development studies.
Okun S Law Development And Demographics Differences In The Cyclical Sensitivities Of Unemployment Across Economy And Worker Groups
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Author : Zidong An
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2021-11-12
Okun S Law Development And Demographics Differences In The Cyclical Sensitivities Of Unemployment Across Economy And Worker Groups written by Zidong An and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-12 with Business & Economics categories.
The negative and stable relationship between an economy’s aggregate demand conditions and overall unemployment is well-documented. We show that there is a large degree of heterogeneity in the cyclical sensitivities of unemployment across worker and economy groups. First, unemployment is more than twice as sensitive to aggregate demand in advanced as in emerging market and developing economies. Second, youth’s unemployment is twice as sensitive as that of adults’. Third, women’s unemployment is significantly less sensitive to demand than men’s in advanced economies. These findings point to the highly unequal impacts of the business cycle across worker and economy groups.
Trends In American Economic Growth
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Author : Edward Denison
language : en
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
Release Date : 2011-10-01
Trends In American Economic Growth written by Edward Denison and has been published by Brookings Institution Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-01 with Business & Economics categories.
The growth rate of national income has fluctuated widely in the United States since 1929. In this volume, Edward F. Denison uses the growth accounting methodology he pioneered and refined in earlier studies to track changes in the trend of output and its determinants. At every step he systematically distinguishes changes in the economy’s ability to produce—as measured by his series on potential national income—from changes in the ratio of actual output to potential output. Using data for earlier years as a backdrop, Denison focuses on the dramatic decline in the growth of potential national income that started in 1974 and was further accentuated beginning in 1980, and on the pronounced decline from business cycle to business cycle in the average ratio of actual to potential output, a slide under way since 1969. The decline in growth rates has been especially pronounced in national income per person employed and other productivity measures as growth of total output has slowed despite a sharp acceleration in growth of employment and total hours at work. Denison organizes his discussion around eight table that divide 1929-82 into three long periods (the last, 1973-82) and seven shorter periods (the most recent, 1973-79 and 1979-82). These tables provide estimates of the sources of growth for eight output measures in each period. Denison stresses that the 1973-82 period of slow growth in unfinished. He observes no improvement in the productivity trend, only a weak cyclical recovery from a 1982 low. Sources-of-growth tables isolate the contributions made to growth between “input” and “output per unit of input.” Even so, it is not possible to quantify separately the contribution of all determinants, and Denison evaluates qualitatively the effects of other developments on the productivity slowdown.