Gut Microbial Response To Host Metabolic Phenotypes
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Gut Microbial Response To Host Metabolic Phenotypes
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Author : Jie Yin
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2022-02-23
Gut Microbial Response To Host Metabolic Phenotypes written by Jie Yin and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-23 with Medical categories.
Gut Microbial Response To Host Metabolic Phenotypes Volume Ii
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Author : Jie Yin
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-03-09
Gut Microbial Response To Host Metabolic Phenotypes Volume Ii written by Jie Yin and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-09 with Medical categories.
Metabonomics And Gut Microbiota In Nutrition And Disease
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Author : Sunil Kochhar
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-10-21
Metabonomics And Gut Microbiota In Nutrition And Disease written by Sunil Kochhar and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-21 with Medical categories.
This book provides a comprehensive overview of metabonomics and gut microbiota research from molecular analysis to population-based global health considerations. The topics include the discussion of the applications in relation to metabonomics and gut microbiota in nutritional research, in health and disease and a review of future therapeutical, nutraceutical and clinical applications. It also examines the translatability of systems biology approaches into applied clinical research and to patient health and nutrition. The rise in multifactorial disorders, the lack of understanding of the molecular processes at play and the needs for disease prediction in asymptomatic conditions are some of the many questions that system biology approaches are well suited to address. Achieving this goal lies in our ability to model and understand the complex web of interactions between genetics, metabolism, environmental factors and gut microbiota. Being the most densely populated microbial ecosystem on earth, gut microbiota co-evolved as a key component of human biology, essentially extending the physiological definition of humans. Major advances in microbiome research have shown that the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to the overall health status of the host has been so far underestimated. Human host gut microbial interaction is one of the most significant human health considerations of the present day with relevance for both prevention of disease via microbiota-oriented environmental protection as well as strategies for new therapeutic approaches using microbiota as targets and/or biomarkers. In many aspects, humans are not a complete and fully healthy organism without their appropriate microbiological components. Increasingly, scientific evidence identifies gut microbiota as a key biological interface between human genetics and environmental conditions encompassing nutrition. Microbiota dysbiosis or variation in metabolic activity has been associated with metabolic deregulation (e.g. obesity, inflammatory bowel disease), disease risk factor (e.g. coronary heart disease) and even the aetiology of various pathologies (e.g. autism, cancer), although causal role into impaired metabolism still needs to be established. Metabonomics and Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Disease serves as a handbook for postgraduate students, researchers in life sciences or health sciences, scientists in academic and industrial environments working in application areas as diverse as health, disease, nutrition, microbial research and human clinical medicine.
Role Of Gut Microbiome Host Metabolic Interactions In Metabolic Diseases
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Author : Renaud Mestdagh
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Role Of Gut Microbiome Host Metabolic Interactions In Metabolic Diseases written by Renaud Mestdagh and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
The metabolic phenotype of any complex organism is dependent on a complex series of host and gut microbial gene (microbiome) interactions with diet. The microbiome itself can be affected by environmental factors such as stress, exposure to xenobiotics, lifestyle, and alterations in the mammalian-microbial-metabolic axis are associated with changes in disease factors. To understand further the impact of the commensal microbiota on the host metabolism, germ-free (GF) animals, inoculated with individual bacterial strains or complex microbiota, and conventional mice were characterised using 1H NMR spectroscopy and UPLC-MS-based metabolic profiling approaches, and by recording the physiological and immunological parameters. Higher systemic level of (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate and lower levels of circulating VLDL were observed in GF compared to conventional animals, indicating that the absence of gut microbiota stimulated lipolysis while it inhibited hepatic lipogenesis. Subsequently, the best inoculation procedure was obtained by inoculating single bacterial strains into individual animals followed by allowing the animals to exchange their microbes. Metabolic fingerprints showed that a 9 bacteria community is more able to regulate lipoprotein and circulating lipid levels compared to a 3 bacteria community. The origin of the inocula (mouse or human) impacts differently on the host metabolism since humanised mice were strongly disturbed (higher plasma triglyceride level) and displayed metabolic profiles similar to GF mice. Conversely, mouse-associated animals were physiologically, immunologically and metabolically similar to conventional animals. Finally, metabolic profiles and gut microbiota composition were statistically regressed and helped to identify specific bacteria, such as Ruminococcus lactaris and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and their putative role in the host homeostasis. To conclude, these results confirmed the influence of gut microbes on the host physiology and metabolism. This PhD thesis provides new insights into the role of gut bacteria to understand the microbial-related mechanisms that participate in the host lipid metabolism, potentially leading to development of obesity.
The Association Between The Gut Microbial Community And Phytoestrogen Metabolic Phenotypes
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Author : Samuel M. Lancaster
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
The Association Between The Gut Microbial Community And Phytoestrogen Metabolic Phenotypes written by Samuel M. Lancaster and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Elucidation Of Host Genetics
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Author : Julia Hill Kemis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Elucidation Of Host Genetics written by Julia Hill Kemis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
The population of microbes that inhabit the mammalian intestine have profound effects on host physiology. The gut microbiome varies substantially among healthy individuals, and its composition is shaped by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Alterations in its composition are associated with the development of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, manipulation of the intestinal microbiome ecosystem is a promising target for emerging therapies. However, it remains largely unknown how host genetics interacts with environmental factors (e.g. diet) to shape microbiota profiles, and how these interactions may contribute to metabolic disease susceptibility. The objective of this thesis research was to investigate the effects of host genetic variation on gut microbiota composition, evaluate how these interactions influence host diet-induced metabolic phenotypes, and to identify genetic variants that influence the abundance of gut microbes. In Chapter 2, I evaluate the relative contributions of host genetics and diet on gut microbiota composition and metabolic phenotypes using a panel of eight genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. In a controlled laboratory environment, I found gut microbiota composition and metabolic phenotypes are shaped by both genetics and diet. Guided by the results of this screen, I went on to demonstrate that in a gnotobiotic mouse model transplantation of genotype-associated microbiota can alter pancreatic islet function and confer sustained metabolic phenotypes despite chronic high-fat high-sucrose (HF/HS) feeding. In Chapter 3, I identify host genetic loci that influence gut microbiota and bile acid profiles. I performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to find genetic variants associated with abundance of gut microbes and bile acid levels using the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse stock, which is derived from the eight strains profiled in Chapter 2. I found novel genetic variants associated with both microbial taxa and bile acids, including an association between the intestinal bile acid transporter, Slc10a2, the abundance of Turicibacter sp. and plasma cholic acid levels. Subsequent investigation revealed direct interactions between Turicibacter sp. and bile acids in vitro, supporting a role of genetics in elucidating host-microbe interactions. Together, this thesis work contributes to our understanding of host-microbe interactions and provides a foundation for future mechanistic studies.
Metabolomics Reveals The Impact Of Xenobiotics On The Host Metabolite Microbiome Interaction
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Author : Jingwei Cai
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Metabolomics Reveals The Impact Of Xenobiotics On The Host Metabolite Microbiome Interaction written by Jingwei Cai and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
The diversity and composition of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to the evolutionary fitness of the host through its role in extracting energy from diet and producing signaling molecules (e.g., short chain fatty acid [SCFA] and bile acid) to regulate metabolic and immunological function. Further, the gut microbiome composition and function can be perturbed by environmental stressors (xenobiotics, toxicants, drugs), change in diet (nutrition) or lifestyle (smoking, exercise, stress), and thus greatly influence the host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. A better understanding of how the xenobiotic-microbiome-host interaction contributes to disease risk may identify new therapeutic targets for metabolic and inflammatory disorders like obesity and diabetes.High-throughput metabolomics approaches including liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy inform metabolic changes by creating a metabolite dictionary to decipher the metabolite chatter between the host and the gut microbiota. Moreover, robust genomics approaches, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, provide an additional perspective to view and understand the microbiome community structure and function. By combining those approaches, the correlation between microbial community structure, metabolic profiles and phenotypes of microbiome and host can be established to develop a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interaction. Therefore, the central hypothesis of the dissertation is metabolomics in addition with other informative techniques enables the comprehensive and complementary understanding of the mechanistic interplay between the host and microbiome.Given the biological and clinical significance of microbiota and microbial-derived metabolites like SCFAs and bile acids, reliable and efficient metabolomics platforms and methods to provide robust detection and quantitation results with improved analytical confidence is highly demanded. Four different methods for SCFA extraction and quantitation were evaluated and compared using two independent platforms GC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. MS-based methods, especially after derivatization, have incomparable sensitivity and precision thus they are highly recommended for trace/ultratrace detection. GC-MS acidified water method, because of the easier sample preparation and short run time is most suitable for studies with large sample numbers. Alternatively, NMR-based methods, while exhibiting high repeatability and relatively low sensitivity, are suitable for cecal and fecal samples with both global and target analysis purpose. The application of three mutually independent methods, GC-MS, NMR, and bomb calorimetry in the germ free (GF) mice study showed consistent results, demonstrating the feasibility of the techniques used in metabolomics studies and the critical role that gut microbiome play in host energy balance and metabolic status.To investigate the metabolic functional roles of gut microbiome and how to target the microbiome for potential pharmaceutical application, a typical xenobiotic and antioxidant tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) with anti-obesity and microbiome-modulation effect was investigated in conventionally-raised (CONV-R) and GF mouse models. The metabolic changes were evaluated with metabolomics tools combined with biochemistry and molecular biological techniques. The results demonstrated tempol exerts its metabolic regulatory role on host through changing gut microbiota metabolism. Tempol decreases gut energy availability by inhibiting bacterial SCFAs production in a dose-dependent manner, and the restricted gut SCFAs availability impacts overall host metabolism by promoting energy expenditure. This study provides insight into a possible mechanism for the anti-obesity effect of tempol mediated by gut-microbiota, which sheds light on the pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential of tempol for obesity treatment and prevention.The gut microbiome affects the bioavailability and toxicity of xenobiotics and can be modulated physiologically, compositionally and metabolically by xenobiotics. To further investigate the causal relationship between xenobiotic exposure and changes in gut microbiota metabolism, a novel approach combining in vitro bacterial incubation, single-cell flow cytometry, and global metabolomics tools including Orbitrap LC-MS and 1H NMR were developed to elucidate the direct impact of xenobiotics on the microbiome physiology and metabolism. This multi-platform approach identified the unique physiological and metabolic biomarkers for microbial membrane damage and metabolism disruption. The result also revealed that the disrupted metabolic activity of the gut microbiota is strongly correlated with the bacterial membrane damage by direct xenobiotic exposure. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo results were highly consistent thus indicating the in vitro methods can be a convenient, economic approach to better understand and/or predict in vivo physiological and metabolic responses to xenobiotics for future screening and risk assessment application. Together, the research presented in the dissertation demonstrates valuable metabolomics tools combined with other techniques are elegant approaches to study xenobiotics-microbiome-host interactions, therefore opening up avenues for better risk assessment and toxicity study during drug discovery to minimize undesirable side effects.
Regulating The Gut Microbiota By Intrinsic And Extrinsic Metabolites
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Author : Salam Habib
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Regulating The Gut Microbiota By Intrinsic And Extrinsic Metabolites written by Salam Habib and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
"Factors from inside the host (intrinsic factors) or outside the host (extrinsic factors) interact with the gut microbiota and alter the microbiome. Studying these factors provides knowledge on strategies of controlling gut microbiota to improve host health status or prevent disease. In this thesis, the hypothesis that intrinsic metabolites (such as bile acids) and extrinsic metabolites (such as polyphenolic-rich potato extract, PRPE) individually and cooperatively modify gut microbial diversity and composition, and impact the host metabolic status in distinct ways, was tested. Males and females of three mouse genotypes were used in studies: wild-type, Fabp6-/- (model of bile acid malabsorption), and Fabp6-/-;Fabp2-/- (model of bile acid and fat malabsorption). In addition, a new in vitro gut model was developed to facilitate the study of the gut microbiota in the absence of the host-inherent variables. The elevated concentrations of bile acids in the intestinal lumen of Fabp6-/- mice reduced the gut microbial diversity and enriched bile acid tolerant bacteria. On the Western-style diet (WSD; high in saturated fats and refined sugars), Fabp6-/- mice displayed sex dimorphic gut microbial dysbiosis, which was associated with a differential predicted enrichment of gut microbial saccharolysis pathways by the two sexes. PRPE supplementation of WSD prevented adiposity, dysbiosis of gut microbiota, and colonocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress that were induced by WSD in wild-type mice. Similarly, feeding PRPE-supplemented WSD to Fabp6-/- mice mitigated features of WSD-induced gut microbial dysbiosis, but resulted in greater similarity in the phylum composition of the gut microbiota between male female mice. The combined loss of both Fabp2 and Fabp6 on WSD reduced body weight gain in mice and resulted in a sex dimorphic gut microbial response, enhanced glucose tolerance, and attenuated colonocyte endoplasmic reticulum stress. Together, these results demonstrate the ability of intrinsic and extrinsic metabolites to modify the composition of gut microbiota and alter the metabolic status of the host. In addition, intestinal fatty acid binding proteins appear to be indirectly involved in mediating the sex dimorphic response of the gut microbiota to WSD. This work provides new clues on the importance of gut microbial regulation and emphasizes the need for sex-specific nutritional approaches and guidelines. The knowledge generated by this work will facilitate strategies for controlling the gut microbial composition for effective control of health and disease"--
The Human Microbiome Diet And Health
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Author : Food Forum
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2013-02-27
The Human Microbiome Diet And Health written by Food Forum and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-02-27 with Medical categories.
The Food Forum convened a public workshop on February 22-23, 2012, to explore current and emerging knowledge of the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings into tools and products that improve the nutritional quality of the food supply. The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health: Workshop Summary summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. Over the two day workshop, several themes covered included: The microbiome is integral to human physiology, health, and disease. The microbiome is arguably the most intimate connection that humans have with their external environment, mostly through diet. Given the emerging nature of research on the microbiome, some important methodology issues might still have to be resolved with respect to undersampling and a lack of causal and mechanistic studies. Dietary interventions intended to have an impact on host biology via their impact on the microbiome are being developed, and the market for these products is seeing tremendous success. However, the current regulatory framework poses challenges to industry interest and investment.
Microbiome In Human Health And Disease
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Author : Pallaval Veera Bramhachari
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-10-18
Microbiome In Human Health And Disease written by Pallaval Veera Bramhachari and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-18 with Medical categories.
The book provides an overview on how the microbiome contributes to human health and disease. The microbiome has also become a burgeoning field of research in medicine, agriculture & environment. The readers will obtain profound knowledge on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems, medicine, agriculture & environment. The book may address several researchers, clinicians and scholars working in biomedicine, microbiology and immunology. The application of new technologies has no doubt revolutionized the research initiatives providing new insights into the dynamics of these complex microbial communities and their role in medicine, agriculture & environment shall be more emphasized. Drawing on broad range concepts of disciplines and model systems, this book primarily provides a conceptual framework for understanding these human-microbe, animal-microbe & plant-microbe, interactions while shedding critical light on the scientific challenges that lie ahead. Furthermore this book explains why microbiome research demands a creative and interdisciplinary thinking—the capacity to combine microbiology with human, animal and plant physiology, ecological theory with immunology, and evolutionary perspectives with metabolic science.This book provides an accessible and authoritative guide to the fundamental principles of microbiome science, an exciting and fast-emerging new discipline that is reshaping many aspects of the life sciences. These microbial partners can also drive ecologically important traits, from thermal tolerance to diet in a typical immune system, and have contributed to animal and plant diversification over long evolutionary timescales. Also this book explains why microbiome research presents a more complete picture of the biology of humans and other animals, and how it can deliver novel therapies for human health and new strategies.
