Handbook Of Sample Preparation For Scanning Electron Microscopy And X Ray Microanalysis
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Handbook Of Sample Preparation For Scanning Electron Microscopy And X Ray Microanalysis
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Author : Patrick Echlin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-04-14
Handbook Of Sample Preparation For Scanning Electron Microscopy And X Ray Microanalysis written by Patrick Echlin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-04-14 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Scanning electr on microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis can produce magnified images and in situ chemical information from virtually any type of specimen. The two instruments generally operate in a high vacuum and a very dry environment in order to produce the high energy beam of electrons needed for imaging and analysis. With a few notable exceptions, most specimens destined for study in the SEM are poor conductors and composed of beam sensitive light elements containing variable amounts of water. In the SEM, the imaging system depends on the specimen being sufficiently electrically conductive to ensure that the bulk of the incoming electrons go to ground. The formation of the image depends on collecting the different signals that are scattered as a consequence of the high energy beam interacting with the sample. Backscattered electrons and secondary electrons are generated within the primary beam-sample interactive volume and are the two principal signals used to form images. The backscattered electron coefficient ( ? ) increases with increasing atomic number of the specimen, whereas the secondary electron coefficient ( ? ) is relatively insensitive to atomic number. This fundamental diff- ence in the two signals can have an important effect on the way samples may need to be prepared. The analytical system depends on collecting the x-ray photons that are generated within the sample as a consequence of interaction with the same high energy beam of primary electrons used to produce images.
Scanning Electron Microscopy And X Ray Microanalysis
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Author : Joseph Goldstein
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Scanning Electron Microscopy And X Ray Microanalysis written by Joseph Goldstein and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Science categories.
This book has evolved by processes of selection and expansion from its predecessor, Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy (PSEM), published by Plenum Press in 1975. The interaction of the authors with students at the Short Course on Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis held annually at Lehigh University has helped greatly in developing this textbook. The material has been chosen to provide a student with a general introduction to the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis suitable for application in such fields as biology, geology, solid state physics, and materials science. Following the format of PSEM, this book gives the student a basic knowledge of (1) the user-controlled functions of the electron optics of the scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe, (2) the characteristics of electron-beam-sample inter actions, (3) image formation and interpretation, (4) x-ray spectrometry, and (5) quantitative x-ray microanalysis. Each of these topics has been updated and in most cases expanded over the material presented in PSEM in order to give the reader sufficient coverage to understand these topics and apply the information in the laboratory. Throughout the text, we have attempted to emphasize practical aspects of the techniques, describing those instru ment parameters which the microscopist can and must manipulate to obtain optimum information from the specimen. Certain areas in particular have been expanded in response to their increasing importance in the SEM field. Thus energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry, which has undergone a tremendous surge in growth, is treated in substantial detail.
Scanning Electron Microscopy X Ray Microanalysis And Analytical Electron Microscopy
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Author : Charles E. Lyman
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Scanning Electron Microscopy X Ray Microanalysis And Analytical Electron Microscopy written by Charles E. Lyman and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
During the last four decades remarkable developments have taken place in instrumentation and techniques for characterizing the microstructure and microcomposition of materials. Some of the most important of these instruments involve the use of electron beams because of the wealth of information that can be obtained from the interaction of electron beams with matter. The principal instruments include the scanning electron microscope, electron probe x-ray microanalyzer, and the analytical transmission electron microscope. The training of students to use these instruments and to apply the new techniques that are possible with them is an important function, which. has been carried out by formal classes in universities and colleges and by special summer courses such as the ones offered for the past 19 years at Lehigh University. Laboratory work, which should be an integral part of such courses, is often hindered by the lack of a suitable laboratory workbook. While laboratory workbooks for transmission electron microscopy have-been in existence for many years, the broad range of topics that must be dealt with in scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis has made it difficult for instructors to devise meaningful experiments. The present workbook provides a series of fundamental experiments to aid in "hands-on" learning of the use of the instrumentation and the techniques. It is written by a group of eminently qualified scientists and educators. The importance of hands-on learning cannot be overemphasized.
Emerging Nanotechnologies For Renewable Energy
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Author : Waqar Ahmed
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2021-02-16
Emerging Nanotechnologies For Renewable Energy written by Waqar Ahmed and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-16 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Emerging Nanotechnologies for Renewable Energy offers a detailed overview of the benefits and applications of nanotechnology in the renewable energy sector. The book highlights recent work carried out on the emerging role of nanotechnology in renewable energy applications, ranging from photovoltaics, to battery technology and energy from waste. Written by international authors from both industry and academia, the book covers topics including scaling up from laboratory to industrial scale. It is a valuable resource for students at postgraduate and advanced undergraduate levels, researchers in industry and academia, technology leaders, and policy and decision-makers in the energy and engineering sectors. - Offers insights into a wide range of nanoscale technologies for the generation, storage and transfer of energy - Shows how nanotechnology is being used to create new, more environmentally friendly energy solutions - Assesses the challenges involved in scaling up nanotechnology-based energy solutions to an industrial scale
Ceramic Membranes Applied In Separation Processes
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Author : Dionisio da Silva Biron
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-05-18
Ceramic Membranes Applied In Separation Processes written by Dionisio da Silva Biron and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-05-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book covers diverse types of ceramic membranes applied in separation processes. The authors present the preparation methods and well as the main application of ceramic membranes. Modules, microfiltration and ultrafiltration are topics described within the text. The final chapter focuses on water and wastewater treatment by membranes separation processes.
Enzymatic Fuel Cells
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Author : Heather R. Luckarift
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2014-05-27
Enzymatic Fuel Cells written by Heather R. Luckarift and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Summarizes research encompassing all of the aspects required to understand, fabricate and integrate enzymatic fuel cells Contributions span the fields of bio-electrochemistry and biological fuel cell research Teaches the reader to optimize fuel cell performance to achieve long-term operation and realize commercial applicability Introduces the reader to the scientific aspects of bioelectrochemistry including electrical wiring of enzymes and charge transfer in enzyme fuel cell electrodes Covers unique engineering problems of enzyme fuel cells such as design and optimization
Advanced Textile Testing Techniques
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Author : Sheraz Ahmad
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-08-01
Advanced Textile Testing Techniques written by Sheraz Ahmad and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-08-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Textile testing is an important field of textile sciences involving experimental evaluation of conventional as well as technical textile products. This book aims to provide technical details, required protocols and procedures for conducting any specific evaluation test along with key parameters. The book covers the topics in two main sections, first one for the conventional textile testing techniques starting from fiber to final product while the second one focusses on testing of technical textiles. Written with a reader friendly approach, it will cater to graduate students in textile engineering as well as industry personnel, focusing on following key points: Addresses all techniques for testing both conventional and technical textiles. Describes testing techniques compliance with the latest requirements of the updated EN ISO and AATCC standards. Provides detailed description on the testing of technical textiles and their products. Discusses the operations conditions, like atmospheric conditions, and human error with cause and effect diagrams. Covers both destructive and non-destructive testing.
Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy
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Author : Joseph Goldstein
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy written by Joseph Goldstein and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
In the spring of 1963, a well-known research institute made a market survey to assess how many scanning electron microscopes might be sold in the United States. They predicted that three to five might be sold in the first year a commercial SEM was available, and that ten instruments would saturate the marketplace. In 1964, the Cambridge Instruments Stereoscan was introduced into the United States and, in the following decade, over 1200 scanning electron microscopes were sold in the U. S. alone, representing an investment conservatively estimated at $50,000- $100,000 each. Why were the market surveyers wrongil Perhaps because they asked the wrong persons, such as electron microscopists who were using the highly developed transmission electron microscopes of the day, with resolutions from 5-10 A. These scientists could see little application for a microscope that was useful for looking at surfaces with a resolution of only (then) about 200 A. Since that time, many scientists have learned to appreciate that information content in an image may be of more importance than resolution per se. The SEM, with its large depth of field and easily that often require little or no sample prepara interpreted images of samples tion for viewing, is capable of providing significant information about rough samples at magnifications ranging from 50 X to 100,000 X. This range overlaps considerably with the light microscope at the low end, and with the electron microscope at the high end.
Microbial Forensics
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Author : Bruce Budowle
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2010-10-27
Microbial Forensics written by Bruce Budowle and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-10-27 with Science categories.
Microbial Forensics is a rapidly evolving scientific discipline. In the last decade, and particularly due to the anthrax letter attacks in the United States, microbial forensics has become more formalized and has played an increasingly greater role in crime investigations. This has brought renewed interest, development and application of new technologies, and new rules of forensic and policy engagement. It has many applications ranging from biodefense, criminal investigations, providing intelligence information, making society more secure, and helping protect precious resources, particularly human life. A combination of diverse areas is investigated, including the major disciplines of biology, microbiology, medicine, chemistry, physics, statistics, population genetics, and computer science. Microbial Forensics, Second Edition is fully revised and updated and serves as a complete reference of the discipline. It describes the advances, as well as the challenges and opportunities ahead, and will be integral in applying science to help solve future biocrimes. - A collection of microbiology, virology, toxicology and mycology as it relates to forensics, in one reference - New and expanded content to include statistical analysis of forensic data and legal admissibility and the standards of evidence, to name a few - Includes research information and application of that research to crime scene analysis, which will allow practitioners to understand and apply the knowledge to their practice with ease
Biological Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy 2 Volume Set
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Author : Roland A. Fleck
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2019-04-29
Biological Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy 2 Volume Set written by Roland A. Fleck and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-29 with Science categories.
The go‐to resource for microscopists on biological applications of field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) The evolution of scanning electron microscopy technologies and capability over the past few years has revolutionized the biological imaging capabilities of the microscope—giving it the capability to examine surface structures of cellular membranes to reveal the organization of individual proteins across a membrane bilayer and the arrangement of cell cytoskeleton at a nm scale. Most notable are their improvements for field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), which when combined with cryo-preparation techniques, has provided insight into a wide range of biological questions including the functionality of bacteria and viruses. This full-colour, must-have book for microscopists traces the development of the biological field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and highlights its current value in biological research as well as its future worth. Biological Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy highlights the present capability of the technique and informs the wider biological science community of its application in basic biological research. Starting with the theory and history of FEGSEM, the book offers chapters covering: operation (strengths and weakness, sample selection, handling, limitations, and preparation); Commercial developments and principals from the major FEGSEM manufacturers (Thermo Scientific, JEOL, HITACHI, ZEISS, Tescan); technical developments essential to bioFEGSEM; cryobio FEGSEM; cryo-FIB; FEGSEM digital-tomography; array tomography; public health research; mammalian cells and tissues; digital challenges (image collection, storage, and automated data analysis); and more. Examines the creation of the biological field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and discusses its benefits to the biological research community and future value Provides insight into the design and development philosophy behind current instrument manufacturers Covers sample handling, applications, and key supporting techniques Focuses on the biological applications of field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM), covering both plant and animal research Presented in full colour An important part of the Wiley-Royal Microscopical Series, Biological Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy is an ideal general resource for experienced academic and industrial users of electron microscopy—specifically, those with a need to understand the application, limitations, and strengths of FEGSEM.