Health And The Income Inequality Hypothesis
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Health And The Income Inequality Hypothesis
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Author : Nick Eberstadt
language : en
Publisher: American Enterprise Institute
Release Date : 2004
Health And The Income Inequality Hypothesis written by Nick Eberstadt and has been published by American Enterprise Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Business & Economics categories.
Few would take exception to the proposition that an improvement in the material well-being of the poor would enhance not only their living standards but their health as well. A number of influential recent studies, however, purport to show that inequality in income -- not poverty per se -- is bad for people's health. This "inequality hypothesis" is meant to apply to everyone, regardless of wealth or social standing, and predicts that the risk of illness depends upon whether one lives in a society that is stratified or egalitarian. Thus, according to this hypothesis, while the poor may suffer the most from inequality, the better off and even the rich suffer as well. The enthusiasm many researchers and observers feel for this theory goes well beyond what might be justified by the evidence. The inequality hypothesis too often relies upon limited or unrepresentative data, hazily expounded causality, elementary econometric fallacies, and results that cannot be replicated. A very persuasive (although less publicly heralded) body of scholarship that challenges the inequality hypothesis is currently emerging. For example, by controlling for relevant variables -- such as household income, maternal characteristics, education, and race -- the relationship between income inequality and the health of infants and adults diminishes or disappears completely. This strongly suggests that income distribution is far less powerful a determinant of population health than the inequality hypothesis holds. Book jacket.
Health And The Income Inequality Hypothesis
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Author : Nick Eberstadt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Health And The Income Inequality Hypothesis written by Nick Eberstadt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Income distribution categories.
Sick Of Inequality
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Author : Andreas Bergh
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2016-08-26
Sick Of Inequality written by Andreas Bergh and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-26 with Health & Fitness categories.
There is a clear trend in rich countries that despite rising incomes and living standards, the gap between rich and poor is widening. What does this mean for our health? Does increasing income inequality affect outcomes such as obesity, life expectancy and subjective well-being? Are rich and poor groups affected in the same ways? This book reviews the latest research on the relationship between inequality and health. It provides the reader with a pedagogical introduction to the tools and knowledge required to understand and assess the issue. Main conclusions from the literature are then summarized and discussed critically.
Income Inequality Health And Development In Search Of A Pattern
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Author : Therese Nilsson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Income Inequality Health And Development In Search Of A Pattern written by Therese Nilsson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
There is an on-going debate as to whether health is negatively affected by economic inequality. Still, we have limited knowledge of the mechanisms relating inequality to individual health and very little evidence comes from less-developed economies. We use individual and multi-level data from Zambia on child nutritional health to test three hypotheses consistent with a negative correlation between income inequality and population health: the absolute income hypothesis (AIH), the relative income hypothesis (RIH) and the income inequality hypothesis (IIH). The results confirm that absolute income positively affects health. For the RIH we find sensitivity to the reference group used. Most interestingly, we find higher income inequality to robustly associate with better child health. The same pattern appears in a cross country regression. To explain the conflicting results in the literature we suggest examining potential mediators such as generosity, food sharing, trust and purchasing power.
Income Inequality And Individual Health
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Author : Therese Nilsson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Income Inequality And Individual Health written by Therese Nilsson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
We use individual and multi-level data from Zambia on child nutritional health to test the absolute income hypothesis (AIH), the relative income hypothesis (RIH) and the income inequality hypothesis (IIH). The results confirm a non-linear positive relation between economic resources and health, confirming the AIH. For the RIH we find sensitivity to what reference group is used. Most interestingly, while the IIH predicts that income inequality, independent from individual income, will affect health negatively, we find higher income inequality to robustly associate with better child health. The results suggest that the relationship between inequality and health in developing contexts might be very different from the predominant view in the existing literature mainly based on developed countries, and that alternative mechanisms might mediate the relationship in poor countries.
Experience Of Income Inequality Over The Life Course And Health In Early Old Age
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Experience Of Income Inequality Over The Life Course And Health In Early Old Age written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
New Evidence On The Relationship Between Inequality And Health
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Author : Jaesang Sung
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
New Evidence On The Relationship Between Inequality And Health written by Jaesang Sung and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
The relative income hypothesis suggests that an individual's health is impacted by the income of others. However, prior studies suffer from mixed empirical findings that could be due to a lack of annual individual income data with sufficient sample size. We apply a new methodology to calculate a variety of income inequality measures based on aggregate income and household size data from various Federal data sources. Our proposed methodology provides a way to express various income inequality measures as a function of the ratio of mean to median household income under the assumption that individual income is log-Normally distributed. This approach produces a variety of precise annual income inequality measures at different levels of geography, thus solving the sample size problem by incorporating externally calculated inequality measures. Combining the 2001-2012 editions of the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System with annual regional income inequality measures derived from our methodology enables us to estimate both the contemporaneous and the lagged effect of income inequality on individual health outcomes. In general, we find statistically significant evidence supporting the income inequality hypothesis and the relative deprivation hypothesis, which suggests that greater income inequality adversely affects health status in the United States.
Health Outcomes And Income Inequality
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Health Outcomes And Income Inequality written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Under The Veil Of Neoliberalism
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Author : Eagan Kemp
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Under The Veil Of Neoliberalism written by Eagan Kemp and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Income distribution categories.
The relationship between income inequality and health has received substantial attention in the fields of medical sociology and public health and continues to be debated. In Chile, previous findings indicate that there is an income inequality effect; respondents who live in areas with high inequality experience a greater probability of poor self-reported health. This study examines the Wilkinson income inequality hypothesis in a new way by using it in conjunction with Sen's capability approach. Building from critiques of the Wilkinson hypothesis, this study also incorporates analysis of the political economy of Chile. Utilizing the 2003 and 2006 cycles of the National Socio-Economic Characterization Survey (CASEN), my findings indicate a complex relationship between income inequality and health. My analyses also suggest that there are severe inequities in health outcomes; inequities that reflect Chile's two-tier system of healthcare.
Relative Deprivation Inequality And Mortality
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Author : Angus Deaton
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Relative Deprivation Inequality And Mortality written by Angus Deaton and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with African Americans categories.
I present a model of mortality and income that integrates the 'gradient, ' the negative relationship between income and mortality, with the Wilkinson hypothesis, that income inequality poses a risk to health. Individual health is negatively affected by relative deprivation within a reference group, defined as the ratio to group mean income of the total 'weight' of incomes of group members better-off than the individual. I argue that such a model is consistent with what we know about the way in which social status affects health, based on both animal and human models. The theory predicts: (a) within reference groups, which may be as large as whole populations, mortality declines with income, but at a decreasing rate; the mortality to income relationship is monotone decreasing and convex. (b) If the upper tail of the income distribution is Pareto then, among the rich, there will be a negative liriear relationship between the logarithm of the probability of death and the logarithm of income, whose slope is larger the larger is Pareto's constant, itself often interpreted as a measure of equality. (c) A mean-preserving increase in the spread of incomes raises the risk of mortality for everyone. Between reference groups (e.g. states or countries) mortality is independent of the level of average income, but depends on the gini coefficient of income inequality, as does actual aggregate mortality across US states. Individual data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study show that the relative deprivation theory provides a good account of the mortality gradient within states, but actually fails to account for interstate correlation between mortality and income inequality. Further analysis of the aggregate data shows that the effect of income inequality is not robust to the inclusion of other controls, particularly the fraction of blacks in the population. The fraction black is positively associated with white (male) mortality in both the individual and aggregate data and, once the fraction black is controlled for, there is no effect of income inequality on either male or female mortality. No explanation is offered for why white mortality should be higher in states with a higher proportion of blacks in the population.