New Evidence On The Relationship Between Inequality And Health
DOWNLOAD
Download New Evidence On The Relationship Between Inequality And Health PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get New Evidence On The Relationship Between Inequality And Health book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
New Evidence On The Relationship Between Inequality And Health
DOWNLOAD
Author : Jaesang Sung
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
New Evidence On The Relationship Between Inequality And Health written by Jaesang Sung and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
The relative income hypothesis suggests that an individual's health is impacted by the income of others. However, prior studies suffer from mixed empirical findings that could be due to a lack of annual individual income data with sufficient sample size. We apply a new methodology to calculate a variety of income inequality measures based on aggregate income and household size data from various Federal data sources. Our proposed methodology provides a way to express various income inequality measures as a function of the ratio of mean to median household income under the assumption that individual income is log-Normally distributed. This approach produces a variety of precise annual income inequality measures at different levels of geography, thus solving the sample size problem by incorporating externally calculated inequality measures. Combining the 2001-2012 editions of the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System with annual regional income inequality measures derived from our methodology enables us to estimate both the contemporaneous and the lagged effect of income inequality on individual health outcomes. In general, we find statistically significant evidence supporting the income inequality hypothesis and the relative deprivation hypothesis, which suggests that greater income inequality adversely affects health status in the United States.
Communities In Action
DOWNLOAD
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2017-04-27
Communities In Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-04-27 with Medical categories.
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Sick Of Inequality
DOWNLOAD
Author : Andreas Bergh
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2016-08-26
Sick Of Inequality written by Andreas Bergh and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-26 with Health & Fitness categories.
There is a clear trend in rich countries that despite rising incomes and living standards, the gap between rich and poor is widening. What does this mean for our health? Does increasing income inequality affect outcomes such as obesity, life expectancy and subjective well-being? Are rich and poor groups affected in the same ways? This book reviews the latest research on the relationship between inequality and health. It provides the reader with a pedagogical introduction to the tools and knowledge required to understand and assess the issue. Main conclusions from the literature are then summarized and discussed critically.
New Horizons In Health
DOWNLOAD
Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2001-03-09
New Horizons In Health written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-03-09 with Social Science categories.
New Horizons in Health discusses how the National Institutes of Health (NIH) can integrate research in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences to better understand the causes of disease as well as interventions that promote health. It outlines a set of research priorities for consideration by the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR), with particular attention to research that can support and complement the work of the National Institutes of Health. By addressing the range of interactions among social settings, behavioral patterns, and important health concerns, it highlights areas of scientific opportunity where significant investment is most likely to improve nationalâ€"and globalâ€"health outcomes. These opportunities will apply the knowledge and methods of the behavioral and social sciences to contemporary health needs, and give attention to the chief health concerns of the general public.
Social Inequality And Public Health
DOWNLOAD
Author : Salvatore J. Babones
language : en
Publisher: Policy Press
Release Date : 2009
Social Inequality And Public Health written by Salvatore J. Babones and has been published by Policy Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Electronic books categories.
This book brings together the latest research findings from some of the most respected medical and social scientists in the world, surveying four pathways to understanding the social determinants of health.
The Health Gap
DOWNLOAD
Author : Michael Marmot
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2015-09-10
The Health Gap written by Michael Marmot and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-10 with Medical categories.
'Punchily written ... He leaves the reader with a sense of the gross injustice of a world where health outcomes are so unevenly distributed' Times Literary Supplement 'Splendid and necessary' Henry Marsh, author of Do No Harm, New Statesman There are dramatic differences in health between countries and within countries. But this is not a simple matter of rich and poor. A poor man in Glasgow is rich compared to the average Indian, but the Glaswegian's life expectancy is 8 years shorter. The Indian is dying of infectious disease linked to his poverty; the Glaswegian of violent death, suicide, heart disease linked to a rich country's version of disadvantage. In all countries, people at relative social disadvantage suffer health disadvantage, dramatically so. Within countries, the higher the social status of individuals the better is their health. These health inequalities defy usual explanations. Conventional approaches to improving health have emphasised access to technical solutions – improved medical care, sanitation, and control of disease vectors; or behaviours – smoking, drinking – obesity, linked to diabetes, heart disease and cancer. These approaches only go so far. Creating the conditions for people to lead flourishing lives, and thus empowering individuals and communities, is key to reduction of health inequalities. In addition to the scale of material success, your position in the social hierarchy also directly affects your health, the higher you are on the social scale, the longer you will live and the better your health will be. As people change rank, so their health risk changes. What makes these health inequalities unjust is that evidence from round the world shows we know what to do to make them smaller. This new evidence is compelling. It has the potential to change radically the way we think about health, and indeed society.
Health Inequalities
DOWNLOAD
Author : Katherine E. Smith
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2015-11-26
Health Inequalities written by Katherine E. Smith and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-11-26 with Medical categories.
Informed by a wealth of available research, between 1997 and 2010, the UK Labour government introduced a raft of policies to reduce health inequalities. Despite this, by most measures, the UK's health inequalities have continued to widen. This failure has prompted calls for new approaches to health inequalities research and some consensus that public health researchers ought to be more actively involved in 'public health advocacy'. Yet there is currently no agreement as to what these new research agendas should be and despite multiple commentaries reflecting on recent UK efforts to reduce health inequalities, there has so far been little attempt to map future directions for research or to examine what more egalitarian policies means in practical terms. Health Inequalities: Critical Perspectives addresses these concerns. It takes stock of the UK's experiences of health inequalities research and policy to date, reflecting on the lessons that have been learnt from these experiences, both within the UK and internationally. The book identifies emergent research and policy topics, exploring the perspectives of actors working in a range of professional settings on these agendas. Finally, the book considers potential ways of improving the links between health inequalities research, policy and practice, including via advocacy. With contributions from established, international health inequalities experts and newer, up-and-coming researchers in the field, as well as individuals working on health inequalities in policy, practice and civil society settings, Health Inequalities: Critical Perspectives is a 'must buy' for researchers, postgraduate students, policymakers, practitioners, and research funders.
Wealth Inequality And Health Achievement
DOWNLOAD
Author : Nicole E. Johns
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Wealth Inequality And Health Achievement written by Nicole E. Johns and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
GDP per capita is arguably the single most predictive determinant of health at the national level, yet such a measure fails to capture the complexity of wealth (and thus health) distribution within a population. Health at the individual level has been shown to be associated with asset-based measures of wealth, but the relationship hasn't been demonstrated consistently at the national level. Currently existing wealth and inequality measures are not comparable across surveys, across countries, or across time. In this thesis, I quantify wealth inequality using an asset-based measure by country and year, from 1990 to 2010, and study associations between inequality and several measures of health through the lens of the Millennium Development Goals. I generate a global asset-based wealth index that is comparable across countries and over time using 461 surveys from 140 countries, anchoring this scale on assets with low differential item functioning. I then translate this to an international dollar scale for the calculation of a modified Gini coefficient and ratio of 90th to 10th percentiles. I then investigate the relationship between such measures and child and maternal mortality in terms of levels, trends and thresholds of improvement in the Millennium Development Goal 4 & 5 targets after controlling for other known determinants of these health outcomes. Wealth-based inequality is consistently significantly associated with maternal and child mortality at the country level, regardless of inequality metric selected. A counterfactual scenario reducing inequality in 1990 by one standard deviation suggests that countries would have lower mortality rates now, would have seen more rapid progress in reducing mortality from 1990 to 2010, and that more would be on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets. The observed associations between income inequality and health outcomes add new evidence to the debate around the possible detrimental effects of economic inequality. The findings here suggest that the reduction of economic inequality, through provision of services or redistributive policies, may be critical for improve health outcomes in the long run.
Explaining Divergent Levels Of Longevity In High Income Countries
DOWNLOAD
Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2011-06-27
Explaining Divergent Levels Of Longevity In High Income Countries written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-27 with Social Science categories.
During the last 25 years, life expectancy at age 50 in the United States has been rising, but at a slower pace than in many other high-income countries, such as Japan and Australia. This difference is particularly notable given that the United States spends more on health care than any other nation. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on its possible causes. According to Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries, the nation's history of heavy smoking is a major reason why lifespans in the United States fall short of those in many other high-income nations. Evidence suggests that current obesity levels play a substantial part as well. The book reports that lack of universal access to health care in the U.S. also has increased mortality and reduced life expectancy, though this is a less significant factor for those over age 65 because of Medicare access. For the main causes of death at older ages-cancer and cardiovascular disease-available indicators do not suggest that the U.S. health care system is failing to prevent deaths that would be averted elsewhere. In fact, cancer detection and survival appear to be better in the U.S. than in most other high-income nations, and survival rates following a heart attack also are favorable. Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries identifies many gaps in research. For instance, while lung cancer deaths are a reliable marker of the damage from smoking, no clear-cut marker exists for obesity, physical inactivity, social integration, or other risks considered in this book. Moreover, evaluation of these risk factors is based on observational studies, which-unlike randomized controlled trials-are subject to many biases.
Health And The Income Inequality Hypothesis
DOWNLOAD
Author : Nick Eberstadt
language : en
Publisher: American Enterprise Institute
Release Date : 2004
Health And The Income Inequality Hypothesis written by Nick Eberstadt and has been published by American Enterprise Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Business & Economics categories.
Few would take exception to the proposition that an improvement in the material well-being of the poor would enhance not only their living standards but their health as well. A number of influential recent studies, however, purport to show that inequality in income -- not poverty per se -- is bad for people's health. This "inequality hypothesis" is meant to apply to everyone, regardless of wealth or social standing, and predicts that the risk of illness depends upon whether one lives in a society that is stratified or egalitarian. Thus, according to this hypothesis, while the poor may suffer the most from inequality, the better off and even the rich suffer as well. The enthusiasm many researchers and observers feel for this theory goes well beyond what might be justified by the evidence. The inequality hypothesis too often relies upon limited or unrepresentative data, hazily expounded causality, elementary econometric fallacies, and results that cannot be replicated. A very persuasive (although less publicly heralded) body of scholarship that challenges the inequality hypothesis is currently emerging. For example, by controlling for relevant variables -- such as household income, maternal characteristics, education, and race -- the relationship between income inequality and the health of infants and adults diminishes or disappears completely. This strongly suggests that income distribution is far less powerful a determinant of population health than the inequality hypothesis holds. Book jacket.