Health Impacts Of Pm 2 5 Associated With Power Plant Emissions
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Health Impacts Of Pm 2 5 Associated With Power Plant Emissions
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Author : United States. Congress
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2018-02-13
Health Impacts Of Pm 2 5 Associated With Power Plant Emissions written by United States. Congress and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-13 with categories.
Health impacts of PM-2.5 associated with power plant emissions : hearing before the Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, October 2, 2002.
Health Impacts Of Pm 2 5 Associated With Power Plant Emissions
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Health Impacts Of Pm 2 5 Associated With Power Plant Emissions written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Science categories.
Health Impacts Of Pm 2 5 Associated With Power Plant Emissions S Hrg 107 1011 October 2 2002 107 2 Hearing
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004*
Health Impacts Of Pm 2 5 Associated With Power Plant Emissions S Hrg 107 1011 October 2 2002 107 2 Hearing written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004* with categories.
A Breath Of Fresher Air
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Author : Lawson Andrew Hill
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
A Breath Of Fresher Air written by Lawson Andrew Hill and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) is among the biggest determinants of disease world-wide. In 2013, exposure to PM2.5 caused an estimated 7 million deaths and 189 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). About half of this calculated burden arises from the indoor residential use of solid fuels - like wood, coal, dung, and crop waste - for cooking, a practice common to about 2.8 billion people. The rest is attributable to ambient concentrations produced by combustion sources like power plants, heating utilities and appliances, and motor vehicles. Despite the ubiquity of the problem, many monitoring, research, and policy efforts employ proxies of total exposure like outdoor ambient concentrations. These proxies are inadequate for the quantification of actual exposures and can prove misleading when used to estimate health effects. More work is needed to progress the use of total exposure - which is often a complex function of a person's interaction with numerous environments with varying PM2.5 concentrations - as a proper PM2.5 risk metric. The first research chapter of this dissertation, Chapter 2, estimates changes in total PM2.5 exposure from indoor concentrations (including contributions from second hand smoke), outdoor concentrations, and time-activity in 2014 and in 2024 under alternative emissions policy pathways in one of the most polluted capital cities on Earth: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar's air pollution crisis is seasonal; heavy use of residential coal heating during its harsh and lengthy winters produces some of the worst air pollution in the world, but many cities are more polluted on an annual basis. With this in mind, seasonal exposure patterns are considered separately to produce estimates of annual exposures. These values are combined with projected background disease and population levels and some of the latest available exposure-response functions to project PM2.5-related health impacts. Policy pathways are estimated for business as usual; moderate reductions in heating, power plant, and motor vehicle emissions; and major reductions in the same sectors. The analysis estimates a 2014 population-wide annual average exposure of 59 μg/m3, which increases to 60 μg/m3 in 2024 under business as usual but falls to 32 μg/m3 and 12 μg/m3 under moderate and major emissions control policies, respectively. Annual PM2.5-related deaths and DALYs are estimated at about 1,400 and 40,000, respectively, in 2014. Under business as usual, about 18,000 deaths and 530,000 DALYs are accrued through 2024. Exposure reductions resulting from the moderate control policy pathway avert an estimated 110,000 DALYs and 4,000 deaths from the business as usual pathway between 2014-2024. An estimated 240,000 DALYs and 8,000 deaths are averted under major reduction policies. In all, Chapter 2 highlights the need for aggressive action, especially related to residential heating and tobacco smoking, to avert a growing pollution crisis in Ulaanbaatar. Chapter 3 presents some of the first personal PM2.5 exposure measurements conducted in rural Lao women cooking primarily with wood. Measurements were taken during a stove intervention program in which traditional open fire and bucket stoves were ostensibly replaced with an ACE-1 fan stove. Average 48-hour concentrations before and after the intervention are reported at 123 μg/m3 and 81 μg/m3, respectively. Measurements of kitchen concentrations, ambient concentrations, and other environmental data are combined with an extensive set of survey responses to reliably model mean 48-hour average PM2.5 exposures before and after the intervention using machine learning, ensemble, and cross-validation techniques (for the full model: r2 = 0.26, predicted mean before intervention = 120 μmg/m3, predicted mean after intervention = 88 μg/m3). Chapter 4 proposes the use of a household appliance, the smart smoke detector, as a tool for cost-effectively monitoring indoor PM2.5 concentrations, which are often overlooked by regulatory monitoring networks and health effects research. A particularly popular smart smoke detector, the Nest Protect, is reverse engineered. Its onboard optical sensor is co-opted and characterized for the real-time measurement of PM2.5 mass concentrations. Very good agreement is observed between processed Nest Protect signal and output from a co-located research grade monitor, the DustTrak II (r2 > 0.99). The final chapter, Chapter 5, reiterates the thread common among Chapters 3-5 - advancing PM2.5 risk science through better estimation of total exposures - and discusses key areas for future research.
Toxicological Evaluation Of Realistic Emissions Of Source Aerosols Teresa
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Toxicological Evaluation Of Realistic Emissions Of Source Aerosols Teresa written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Determining the health impacts of different sources and components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important scientific goal, because PM is a complex mixture of both inorganic and organic constituents that likely differ in their potential to cause adverse health outcomes. The TERESA (Toxicological Evaluation of Realistic Emissions of Source Aerosols) study focused on two PM sources - coal-fired power plants and mobile sources - and sought to investigate the toxicological effects of exposure to realistic emissions from these sources. The DOE-EPRI Cooperative Agreement covered the performance and analysis of field experiments at three power plants. The mobile source component consisted of experiments conducted at a traffic tunnel in Boston; these activities were funded through the Harvard-EPA Particulate Matter Research Center and will be reported separately in the peer-reviewed literature. TERESA attempted to delineate health effects of primary particles, secondary (aged) particles, and mixtures of these with common atmospheric constituents. The study involved withdrawal of emissions directly from power plant stacks, followed by aging and atmospheric transformation of emissions in a mobile laboratory in a manner that simulated downwind power plant plume processing. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from the biogenic volatile organic compound?-pinene was added in some experiments, and in others ammonia was added to neutralize strong acidity. Specifically, four scenarios were studied at each plant: primary particles (P); secondary (oxidized) particles (PO); oxidized particles + secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (POS); and oxidized and neutralized particles + SOA (PONS). Extensive exposure characterization was carried out, including gas-phase and particulate species. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed for 6 hours to filtered air or different atmospheric mixtures. Toxicological endpoints included (1) breathing pattern; (2) bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology and biochemistry; (3) blood cytology; (4) in vivo oxidative stress in heart and lung tissue; and (5) heart and lung histopathology. In addition, at one plant, cardiac arrhythmias and heart rate variability (HRV) were evaluated in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Statistical analyses included analyses of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences between exposed and control animals in response to different scenario/plant combinations; univariate analyses to link individual scenario components to responses; and multivariate analyses (Random Forest analyses) to evaluate component effects in a multipollutant setting. Results from the power plant studies indicated some biological responses to some plant/scenario combinations. A number of significant breathing pattern changes were observed; however, significant clinical changes such as specific irritant effects were not readily apparent, and effects tended to be isolated changes in certain respiratory parameters. Some individual exposure scenario components appeared to be more strongly and consistently related to respiratory parameter changes; however, the specific scenario investigated remained a better predictor of response than individual components of that scenario. Bronchoalveolar lavage indicated some changes in cellularity of BAL fluid in response to the POS and PONS scenarios; these responses were considered toxicologically mild in magnitude. No changes in blood cytology were observed at any plant or scenario. Lung oxidative stress was increased with the POS scenario at one plant, and cardiac oxidative stress was increased with the PONS scenario also at one plant, suggesting limited oxidative stress in response to power plant emissions with added atmospheric constituents. There were some mild histological findings in lung tissue in response to the P and PONS scenarios. Finally, the MI model experiments indicated that premature ventricular beat frequency was increased at the plant studied, while no changes in heart rate, HRV, or electrocardiographic intervals were observed. Overall, the TERESA results should be interpreted as indicating toxicologically mild adverse responses to some scenarios. The varied responses among the three plants indicate heterogeneity in emissions. Ongoing studies using the TERESA approach to evaluate the toxicity of traffic-related pollution will yield valuable data for comparative toxicity assessment and will give us a better understanding of the contribution of different sources to the morbidity and mortality associated with exposure to air pollution.
Air Pollution
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Author : John B. Stephenson
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2005-11
Air Pollution written by John B. Stephenson and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11 with Science categories.
Power plants emit pollutants have been linked to negative health effects. In 2003, 2 new power plants began operations 3 miles south of the U.S.-Mexico border near Imperial County (IC), CA. Although these plants export most of the elec. they produce to the U.S., they are not required to meet any U.S. or CA emission standards. This report determines: (1) how emissions from the 2 plants compare with emissions from recently permitted plants in CA & emissions from sources in IC, & what emissions standards they would be subject to if they were located in IC; (2) the health impacts of emissions from the plants on IC residents; & (3) options avail. to U.S. policymakers to ensure that emissions from these plants do not adversely affect the health of IC residents.
Pm2 5
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Author : Ying-Ji Li
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Pm2 5 written by Ying-Ji Li and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING categories.
Air pollution has been associated with significant adverse health effects, including increased morbidity and mortality. The global increase in the prevalence of diseases that are associated with exposure to air pollution is of great concern. In particular, severe PM2.5 pollution occurs in Asian countries due to increasing emissions of air pollutants caused by the countries' rapid economic growth. A number of studies have been performed to clarify the association between PM2.5 and disorders such as asthma, ischemic cardiovascular diseases, arteriosclerosis, cancer, and neurological disorders. It is important to protect populations that are susceptible to such pollution. While the characterization and monitoring of pollutant components currently dictates pollution control policies, it will be necessary to identify susceptible populations in order to adequately target prevention strategies for the health effects of air pollution. This book offers a comprehensive review of the recent advances in our understanding of the health effects of PM2.5, the role of oxidative stress in these effects, the contribution of ultrafine fractions of PM2.5 to the health effects, and discusses prevention strategies for these health effects. It also suggests further risk assessment, risk management, and novel policies for PM2.5 pollution, required to protect public health.
Dynamic Air Quality Management Through Electricity Dispatch
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Dynamic Air Quality Management Through Electricity Dispatch written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
This thesis presents an efficient approach to improve air quality by considering the two major industries that contribute to the present air pollution levels: transportation and energy. One of the major steps in reducing the pollution levels from the transportation industry is the introduction of Electric Vehicles (EVs). With the expected transition to an electrified vehicle fleet, there will be an increase in electric load. Hence, there exists a trade off between a decrease in the pollutant emissions from the transportation industry and an increase in the emissions from power plants. This thesis presents a novel approach to manage pollutant concentrations using generation economic dispatch at optimum cost. This thesis first investigates the impact that EVs have on energy prices. EVs have an inherent capability to store energy, and hence can act as short term energy storage devices. To reduce the burden of this extra electric load on grid, it is beneficial to view EVs both as loads and sources of electric energy. This thesis studies the impact of EVs on energy, regulation and reserve prices if they participate as a provider for regulation service, a service required by a grid operator to maintain 60 Hz frequency at all times. This thesis studies the effect of a peculiar "either/or" constraint in a market of commodities. This thesis shows that such a disjunctive constraint could result in decreasing energy prices with an increase in demand, in contradiction to the expected behavior of increasing prices. This thesis studies and explains this counterintuitive impact on the energy market with EVs supplying regulation. The locational dependence of regulation supply is another important aspect to the study. This thesis analyzes the locational impact of EVs to provide regulation in energy markets and shows that the change in energy prices depends upon the locations EVs choose to supply regulation services. An increase in the number of electric vehicles will impose an extra load on the electric grid and hence will increase power plant emissions. Sulfur dioxide emissions from power plants are an important precursor to fine particulate matter concentration (PM2.5). PM2.5 is harmful to human health as it can cause lung and heart related diseases. Because of the negative impacts of PM2.5 on human health, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set standards on the daily mean and the annual average concentrations of PM2.5. This thesis presents a novel approach to reduce the daily mean concentration of PM2.5 by coupling the EPA atmospheric model (CMAQ) and an electricity market model. A linear air quality constraint is introduced in a multi-time period DCOPF to reduce the ammonium sulfate concentration at an arbitrary location and time period using a 36-bus electricity market model. This analysis provides a good proof of concept. To build a more robust framework, this thesis develops techniques to construct a quadratic air quality constraint to reduce the mean concentration of PM2.5 at Lancaster county Pennsylvania on 07/18/05 using a 3357-bus electricity market model. Finally, this thesis presents an operational framework with detailed description of steps to implement the proposed methodology in practice.
Who Global Air Quality Guidelines
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Author : Weltgesundheitsorganisation
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2021-09-07
Who Global Air Quality Guidelines written by Weltgesundheitsorganisation and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-07 with Nature categories.
The main objective of these updated global guidelines is to offer health-based air quality guideline levels, expressed as long-term or short-term concentrations for six key air pollutants: PM2.5, PM10, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. In addition, the guidelines provide interim targets to guide reduction efforts of these pollutants, as well as good practice statements for the management of certain types of PM (i.e., black carbon/elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, particles originating from sand and duststorms). These guidelines are not legally binding standards; however, they provide WHO Member States with an evidence-informed tool, which they can use to inform legislation and policy. Ultimately, the goal of these guidelines is to help reduce levels of air pollutants in order to decrease the enormous health burden resulting from the exposure to air pollution worldwide.
Air Pollution And Early Deaths In The United States
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Author : Irene Constantina Dedoussi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Air Pollution And Early Deaths In The United States written by Irene Constantina Dedoussi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Combustion emissions constitute the largest source of anthropogenic emissions in the US. They lead to the degradation of air quality and human health, by contributing to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2 .5 ), which is harmful to human health. Previous work computed the population PM2 .5 exposure and number of early deaths caused by emissions from six major sectors: electric power generation, industry, commercial and residential activities, road transportation, marine transportation and rail transportation. In the present work we go beyond aggregate sectors and now attribute exposure and early deaths to sectors, emissions species, time of emission, and location of emission. This enables determination of the emissions reductions that would have the greatest benefit by sectors, species, time and location. We apply a long-term adjoint sensitivity analysis with population exposure to PM2 .5 in the contiguous US as the objective function, and calculate the four dimensional sensitivities (time and space) of PM2 .5 exposure with respect to each emissions species. Epidemiological evidence is used to relate increased population exposure to premature mortalities. This is the first regional application of the adjoint sensitivity analysis method to characterize long-term air pollution exposure. (A global scale application has been undertaken related to intercontinental pollution.) We find that for the electric power generation sector 75% of the attributable PM2 .5 exposure is due to SO2 emissions, and 80% of the annual impacts are attributed to emissions from April to September. This suggests that burning of low sulfur coal has greatest benefit in the summer. In the road transportation sector, 29% of PM2 .5 exposure is due to NO, emissions and 33% from ammonia (NH3), which is a result of emissions after-treatment technologies. We estimate that the benefit of reducing NH3 emissions from road transportation is ~20 times that of NOx per unit mass. 75% of the road transportation ammonia impacts occur during the months October to March. We rank the states based on their contribution to the overall combustion emissions-attributable PM2 .5 exposure in the US, and calculate that California contributes 12%, Pennsylvania 7% and Ohio 5.8%. We publicly release the sensitivity matrices computed, noting their potential use as a rapid air quality policy assessment tool.