Higher Order Evidence And Calibrationism
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Higher Order Evidence And Calibrationism
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Author : Ru Ye
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2023-01-26
Higher Order Evidence And Calibrationism written by Ru Ye and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-26 with Philosophy categories.
The higher-order evidence debate concerns how higher-order evidence affects the rationality of our first-order beliefs. This Element has two parts. The first part (Sections 1 and 2) provides a critical overview of the literature, aiming to explain why the higher-order evidence debate is interesting and important. The second part (Sections 3 to 6) defends calibrationism, the view that we should respond to higher-order evidence by aligning our credences to our reliability degree. The author first discusses the traditional version of calibrationism and explains its main difficulties, before proposing a new version of calibrationism called 'Evidence-Discounting Calibrationism.' The Element argues that this new version is independently plausible and that it can avoid the difficulties faced by the traditional version.
Higher Order Evidence
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Author : Mattias Skipper
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Higher Order Evidence written by Mattias Skipper and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Philosophy categories.
We often have reason to doubt our own ability to form rational beliefs, particularly when we are exposed to higher-order evidence. This book explains how disagreements with trusted friends, or learning of our own cognitive biases, can impact on our views. From there it explores a range of interrelated issues on this topic of higher-order evidence.
Fallibilism Evidence And Knowledge
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Author : Jessica Brown
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-04-05
Fallibilism Evidence And Knowledge written by Jessica Brown and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-05 with Philosophy categories.
What strength of evidence is required for knowledge? Ordinarily, we often claim to know something on the basis of evidence which doesn't guarantee its truth. For instance, one might claim to know that one sees a crow on the basis of visual experience even though having that experience does not guarantee that there is a crow (it might be a rook, or one might be dreaming). As a result, those wanting to avoid philosophical scepticism have standardly embraced "fallibilism": one can know a proposition on the basis of evidence that supports it even if the evidence doesn't guarantee its truth. Despite this, there's been a persistent temptation to endorse "infallibilism", according to which knowledge requires evidence that guarantees truth. For doesn't it sound contradictory to simultaneously claim to know and admit the possibility of error? Infallibilism is undergoing a contemporary renaissance. Furthermore, recent infallibilists make the surprising claim that they can avoid scepticism. Jessica Brown presents a fresh examination of the debate between these two positions. She argues that infallibilists can avoid scepticism only at the cost of problematic commitments concerning evidence and evidential support. Further, she argues that alleged objections to fallibilism are not compelling. She concludes that we should be fallibilists. In doing so, she discusses the nature of evidence, evidential support, justification, blamelessness, closure for knowledge, defeat, epistemic akrasia, practical reasoning, concessive knowledge attributions, and the threshold problem.
Disagreement Deference And Religious Commitment
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Author : John Pittard
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Disagreement Deference And Religious Commitment written by John Pittard and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Philosophy categories.
Every known religious or explicitly irreligious outlook is contested by large contingents of informed and reasonable people. Many philosophers have argued that reflection on this fact should lead us to abandon confident religious or irreligious belief and to embrace religious skepticism. John Pittard critically assesses the case for such disagreement-motivated religious skepticism. While the book focuses on religious disagreement, it makes a number of significant contributions to the more general discussion of the rational significance of disagreement as well.
Knowledge And God
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Author : Matthew A. Benton
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2024-05-30
Knowledge And God written by Matthew A. Benton and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-05-30 with Philosophy categories.
This Element examines a main theme in religious epistemology, namely, the possibility of knowledge of God. Most often philosophers consider the rationality or justification of propositional belief about God, particularly beliefs about the existence and nature of God; and they will assess the conditions under which, if there is a God, such propositional beliefs would be knowledge, particularly in light of counter-evidence or the availability of religious disagreement. This Element surveys such familiar areas, then turns toward newer and less-developed terrain: interpersonal epistemology, namely what it is to know another person. It then explores the prospects for understanding what it might take to know God relationally, the contours of which are significant for many theistic traditions.
The Nature And Normativity Of Defeat
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Author : Christoph Kelp
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2023-09-07
The Nature And Normativity Of Defeat written by Christoph Kelp and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-09-07 with Philosophy categories.
This Element aims to work towards developing a novel account of defeat. It distinguishes among three broad views in the epistemology of defeat: scepticism, internalism, and externalism. It argues that that sceptical and internalist accounts of defeat are bound to remain unsatisfactory.
Stratified Virtue Epistemology
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Author : J. Adam Carter
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2024-01-18
Stratified Virtue Epistemology written by J. Adam Carter and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-01-18 with Philosophy categories.
This accessible Element defends version of virtue epistemology shown to have all-things-considered advantages over other views on the market. The view is unorthodox, in that it incorporates Sosa's animal/reflective knowledge distinction, which has thus far had few takers. The author shows why embracing a multi-tiered framework is not a liability within virtue epistemology but instead affords it an edge not attainable otherwise. The particular account of knowledge goes beyond Sosa's own view by introducing and incorporating several theoretical innovations (regarding both basing and risk, as well as the introduction of multiple species of reflective knowledge) which are aimed at revamping how we think about 'high-grade' knowledge, how we attain it, and what it demands of us. The result is a new and improved stratified virtue epistemology that can hold up against scrutiny.
Transcendental Epistemology
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Author : Tony Cheng
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2024-02-15
Transcendental Epistemology written by Tony Cheng and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-02-15 with Philosophy categories.
Transcendental arguments were prominent in Western philosophy, German idealism, phenomenological tradition, and P. F. Strawson's thinking. They have fallen out of fashion because of their associations with transcendental idealism and verificationism. They are still invoked by important figures in the analytic tradition even if the very same tradition has cast doubt on such arguments. The nature of transcendental arguments remains unclear: Are they supposed to be deductive? Are they synthetic or analytic? If they are a priori, how are they supposed to be about the empirical world? What are their relations to necessity, conceivability, and essence? This Element takes up the challenge of elucidating the nature of transcendental arguments, embedded in the wider context of transcendental epistemology. It will be argued that the key premise 'transcendental conditional' is synthetic, necessary, and a posteriori.
Unfinished Business
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Author : Julia Staffel
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2025-03-04
Unfinished Business written by Julia Staffel and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-03-04 with Philosophy categories.
Explaining how people reason is central to understanding ourselves as human beings. Complex deliberations that take unexpected turns are central to many good detective stories, but they are also ubiquitous in everyday life and academic research. While philosophers have studied both ends of complex deliberations-learning new information and reaching justified conclusions-little has been said about our states of mind when we are in the middle of thought. Yet, this stage of intellectual limbo is where we often produce genuine insight. Unfinished Business advances a new theory of the transitional stages of complex deliberation, integrating theoretical research in philosophy with empirical results from cognitive science. It postulates a new attitude type, transitional attitudes, that we hold towards potential answers to the question at hand while we're deliberating. Transitional attitudes possess their own rationality conditions that differ from the norms of rationality typically applied to conclusions of reasoning. The resulting abstract framework reveals deep structural similarities among such varied intellectual pursuits as determining the significance of a historical artefact, deciding on a person's guilt in court, deliberating about a philosophical problem, or searching for a mathematical proof. It can help us make progress on difficult philosophical questions, such as how we should respond to misleading higher-order evidence, how we should formally model logical learning, and how confident we can rationally be in our own philosophical positions. In this book, Julia Staffel makes a novel contribution to the study of reasoning and rationality. Most of the theorizing in these areas either studies the nature of simple inferences, or the conditions under which we can reach justified conclusions. Unfinished Business examines how we should theorize about the attitudes we have towards possible answers to a question of interest while our reasoning is ongoing. It focuses on complex reasoning processes that don't necessarily progress towards an answer in a linear way. Based on both philosophical arguments and empirical research, Staffel argues that there is a previously unrecognized attitude type, transitional attitudes, that play a key role in carrying out complex deliberations.
The Routledge Handbook Of The Philosophy Of Evidence
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Author : Maria Lasonen-Aarnio
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2023-12-19
The Routledge Handbook Of The Philosophy Of Evidence written by Maria Lasonen-Aarnio and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-12-19 with Philosophy categories.
What one can know depends on one’s evidence. Good scientific theories are supported by evidence. Our experiences provide us with evidence. Any sort of inquiry involves the seeking of evidence. It is irrational to believe contrary to your evidence. For these reasons and more, evidence is one of the most fundamental notions in the field of epistemology and is emerging as a crucial topic across academic disciplines. The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evidence is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems, and debates in this exciting subject and is the first major volume of its kind. Comprising forty chapters by an international team of contributors the handbook is divided into six clear parts: The Nature of Evidence Evidence and Probability The Social Epistemology of Evidence Sources of Evidence Evidence and Justification Evidence in the Disciplines The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Evidence is essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of science and epistemology, and will also be of interest to those in related disciplines across the humanities and social sciences, such as law, religion, and history.