How Far If At All Do The Media And Public Opinion Influence Us Foreign And Defence Policy
DOWNLOAD
Download How Far If At All Do The Media And Public Opinion Influence Us Foreign And Defence Policy PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get How Far If At All Do The Media And Public Opinion Influence Us Foreign And Defence Policy book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
How Far If At All Do The Media And Public Opinion Influence Us Foreign And Defence Policy
DOWNLOAD
Author : Carina Siegmund
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2008-12
How Far If At All Do The Media And Public Opinion Influence Us Foreign And Defence Policy written by Carina Siegmund and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-12 with Political Science categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Politics - International Politics - Region: USA, grade: First/ 80%, University of Reading (United Kingdom - International Relations), course: US Foreign and Defence Policy, 15 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In the United States of America the media is protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution: "Congress shall make no law ...] abridging the freedom of speech or of the press." The media are institutions whose primary concern it is to produce and distribute all forms of knowledge, information and entertainment and encompass print media, television, radio and the internet. For the purposes of this paper, the focus shall be on television, as "television is undoubtedly the pre-eminent form of the media in the United States" and it is the medium of choice for Americans looking for information. In a democracy such as the United States of America, the media ought to report impartially and in a way to inform and engage the public. Public opinion is understood as a collective view of a given issue. Foreign policy shall be defined as the goals a state wants to attain abroad, the values that determine to those objectives, and the means or instruments used to pursue them.
The Impact Of The Media On National Security Policy Decision Making
DOWNLOAD
Author : Douglas V. Johnson II
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013-01-27
The Impact Of The Media On National Security Policy Decision Making written by Douglas V. Johnson II and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-27 with Political Science categories.
There are only a few certainties about the news. The first is that there is likely to be more of it available to more of us. Another certainty is that major news media are still going to be driven by the profit motive; consequently, whatever sells they will purvey. Since its inception as a mass phenomenon, what sells is spectacular, titillating, eye catching, or sensational; truth, accuracy or context can become secondary.6 Considering the impact of the Information Age, Americans may be facing a new phenomenon in the news arena? interactive news tailored to individual interest. This may allow the truly interested "reader/viewer" the opportunity to get beyond headlines and into the "facts" at a depth and breadth hitherto unknown. Of course we must realize that while this opportunity will be generally available, participation is unlikely to be much above current levels of "active" public interest. The cold fact is that reading and thinking about the news takes time and that is what most people are unwilling to give up for something that may not affect them directly.7 Interactive news is also likely to generate more discrete interest levels or focus. Currently, several major newspapers are shifting their overseas coverage to directly accommodate their readership. Marketing areas heavy with Hispanic readers are closing European offices in favor of South and Central American locations.8 Another aspect of the Information Age that could have an impact on policy is the possibility of enhanced public responsiveness to events. As the FAX and E-mail become increasingly available, the power of public opinion may be enhanced. "On Air," real-time polling is already in place on major television networks. These two avenues of public expression may well serve two different groups of citizens. The first group is the computer-literate, foreign policy aware. The second group is synonymous with the television viewing public, not necessarily synonymous with those informed of and active in foreign affairs.Those people with access to FAX and E-mail are increasing dramatically, but their identity and involvement in public affairs is yet to be defined. It is already possible and acceptable to FAX or E-mail one's opinion to the White House directly, but who are the people who do? What impact a surge of FAX traffic will have is probably going to be governed by the same factors that govern the impact of public opinion now. If an election is imminent, public reactions will likely be voiced more frequently and are likely to be followed more closely; if the domestic situation is threatening, likewise. If a genuine national security interest is threatened, president and public are likely to draw together if the White House leads; if the administration is weak or unpopular, the impact of a flood of public expression may have unforeseen consequences.
Gaining Momentum
DOWNLOAD
Author : U S Military
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-07-31
Gaining Momentum written by U S Military and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-31 with categories.
Throughout history, media has played a major role in society. The way media sways people tends to have an impact on the decisions of our civil-military leaders. When analyzing the military engagements from the past, evidence suggest the media or press does have an influence over public opinion, especially during times of war and humanitarian operations, which eventually pushes our leaders into the formation and exercise of foreign policy. Looking at trends throughout history between the media, public opinion, and decision makers, it appears that a correlation exists between all three. Analyzing and interpreting public opinion polls and surveys can be further deciphered by looking at what the media pushed people towards in times of crisis. Media coverage on the battlefield and humanitarian missions has gained momentum over the last fifty years especially, due to the fact that "the importance of the media is all the greater in times of crisis that are liable to drag the United States into military intervention." The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the impact public opinion has on civil-military decision makers. The positive and negative outcomes of operations over the last fifty years provide evidence that military and decision makers are either making choices for the good of the country, or for themselves. By going back into history where the media first stepped onto the battlefield in Vietnam to where the media is today, this paper will take a look at the impact media and public opinion had on the decisions made by our civil-military leaders in formulating and exercising foreign policy during six U.S. military operations: the Vietnam War (1967-75), Desert Storm (1991), the humanitarian missions of Somalia (1992) and Bosnia (199295), Global War on Terrorism (2001), and the Afghanistan War (2001).This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.Over the last fifty years, the American public has been exposed to military engagements by media outlets, which in turn has affected foreign policy. This paper will take a look at the impact media and public opinion had during six U.S. military operations: the Vietnam War, Desert Storm, the humanitarian missions of Somalia, and Bosnia, the War on Terroism-9/11, the Afghanistan War. By looking at these wars and the operations other than war, it will be clear the media plays a significant role in shaping the public opinion which in turn has an impact on the United States foreign policy.
The Impact Of The Media On National Security Policy Decision Making
DOWNLOAD
Author : Douglas V. Johnson II
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994-10-07
The Impact Of The Media On National Security Policy Decision Making written by Douglas V. Johnson II and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-10-07 with categories.
This project was undertaken to produce a strategic level study which would lay the foundation for deeper examination of specific issues relating to the impact of the media on national security policy decision making. It is not intended to provide answers, although some emerge. The opening quotation from one of America's most notorious news figures will stimulate argument, for it is equally preposterous and accurate; suggests abuse of the First Amendment protection of free speech, yet lies within the heart and soul of republican government. Insofar as Hearst claims for the media the power to make war, it impinges upon national security. Some areas of suggested research will require the passage of several years as American society and its political processes adapt to the exploding potential of the Information Age; the study asks if the growth of communications technology could inaugurate the advent of true democracy. This study employs a relatively narrow definition of national security issues as only those which are concerned with national survival and preservation of our way of life. The problem with a broader definition is that national prestige or image often become confused with national interests. Such a definition is too inclusive to be useful. The media affects us as individuals and as a collective body. The collective body expresses itself as "public opinion" and has been extensively studied and measured. The effects on individuals are not as easy to determine without extensive research, which has not been undertaken. The measurability and control of media influence is highly situational. The most prominent examiner of the media public opinion interaction, Professor Benjamin I. Page, concludes that much more study is required to understand fully this interaction; likewise, the conclusions herein are couched in tentative terms.2 The issue of influence on the National Command Authorities (NCA) concerning questions of national security may be addressed in part by recourse to the process of American government. In this process, the media "informs" the people who then "speak" to their elected representatives in a wide variety of ways including letters, telephone calls, FAXes, and political action groups. The Congress then "speaks" to the president, who in turn may speak to the people through the media. In matters of foreign affairs, media, people, and the Congress expect the president to lead. If the administration is unsure of its own goals or if it finds it is at odds with the mood of the people, it will be like the "double minded" man who is "like a wave of the sea, driven with the wind and tossed," in this case by the winds of the news.
The Oxford Handbook Of Political Communication
DOWNLOAD
Author : Kate Kenski
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017-06-23
The Oxford Handbook Of Political Communication written by Kate Kenski and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-23 with Political Science categories.
Since its development shaped by the turmoil of the World Wars and suspicion of new technologies such as film and radio, political communication has become a hybrid field largely devoted to connecting the dots among political rhetoric, politicians and leaders, voters' opinions, and media exposure to better understand how any one aspect can affect the others. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson bring together leading scholars, including founders of the field of political communication Elihu Katz, Jay Blumler, Doris Graber, Max McCombs, and Thomas Paterson,to review the major findings about subjects ranging from the effects of political advertising and debates and understandings and misunderstandings of agenda setting, framing, and cultivation to the changing contours of social media use in politics and the functions of the press in a democratic system. The essays in this volume reveal that political communication is a hybrid field with complex ancestry, permeable boundaries, and interests that overlap with those of related fields such as political sociology, public opinion, rhetoric, neuroscience, and the new hybrid on the quad, media psychology. This comprehensive review of the political communication literature is an indispensible reference for scholars and students interested in the study of how, why, when, and with what effect humans make sense of symbolic exchanges about sharing and shared power. The sixty-two chapters in The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication contain an overview of past scholarship while providing critical reflection of its relevance in a changing media landscape and offering agendas for future research and innovation.
The Impact Of Public Opinion On U S Foreign Policy Since Vietnam
DOWNLOAD
Author : Richard Sobel
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2001
The Impact Of Public Opinion On U S Foreign Policy Since Vietnam written by Richard Sobel and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Intervention (International law) categories.
This study examines the role that public attitudes have played over the last generation in the making of United States foreign policy. It focuses on four prominent foreign interventions: the Vietnam War, the Nicaraguan Contra funding controversy, the Persian Gulf War, and the Bosnia crisis.
American Journalism And International Relations
DOWNLOAD
Author : Giovanna Dell'Orto
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2013-03-29
American Journalism And International Relations written by Giovanna Dell'Orto and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-29 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
American Journalism and International Relations argues that the American press' disengagement from world affairs has critical repercussions for American foreign policy. Giovanna Dell'Orto shows that discourses created, circulated, and maintained through the media mold opinions about the world and shape foreign policy parameters. This book is a history of U.S. foreign correspondence from the 1840s to the present, relying on more than 2,000 news articles and twenty major world events, from the 1848 European revolutions to the Mumbai terror attacks in 2008. Americans' perceptions of other nations, combined with pervasive and enduring understandings of the United States' role in global politics, act as constraints on policies. Dell'Orto finds that reductive media discourse (as seen during the 1967 War in the Middle East or Afghanistan in the 1980s) has a negative effect on policy, whereas correspondence grounded in events (such as during the Japanese attack on Shanghai in the 1930s or the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991) fosters effective leadership and realistic assessments.
Mass Media And American Politics
DOWNLOAD
Author : Johanna Dunaway
language : en
Publisher: CQ Press
Release Date : 2022-02-13
Mass Media And American Politics written by Johanna Dunaway and has been published by CQ Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-02-13 with Political Science categories.
A comprehensive, trusted core text on media’s impact on attitudes, behavior, elections, politics, and policymaking, Mass Media and American Politics is known for its readable introduction to the literature and theory of the field, and for staying current with each new edition on issues of new and social media, media ownership, the regulatory environment, infotainment, and war-time reporting. Written by the late Doris Graber--a scholar who has played an enormous role in establishing and shaping the field of mass media and American politics--and now lead by Johanna Dunaway, this book has set the standard for the course. New to this edition: Extensive coverage of political misinformation - the role changing communication technologies and mass media more generally are playing in its consumption and dissemination, as well as how the press is handling and should handle reporting on political misinformation, especially as it pertains to the presidency, elections, and crises like Covid-19. Updated coverage of the role social media and other popular digital platforms are playing (or not playing) in the effort to stop the spread of mis- and dis-information on their platforms, with special attention to both foreign and domestic efforts to use these platforms to incite violence, cause confusion about, and/or encourage distrust in, democratic institutions. Expanded treatment of rising affective, social, and ideological polarization in politics, with a special focus on whether and how mass media are contributing to these forms of polarization. New updates on causes and consequences of expanding news deserts, declining local news, and rampant growth of hedge-fund media ownership. Up to date coverage of what researchers are learning about the implications of growth in digital, social and mobile media use. What does it mean for attention to news and politics?
American Foreign Policy And Political Ambition
DOWNLOAD
Author : James Lee Ray
language : en
Publisher: CQ Press
Release Date : 2013-08-20
American Foreign Policy And Political Ambition written by James Lee Ray and has been published by CQ Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-20 with Political Science categories.
In his eagerly-awaited second edition of American Foreign Policy and Political Ambition, James Ray revisits his deceptively simple premise that the highest priority of leaders is to stay in power. Looking at how political ambition and domestic pressures impact foreign policymaking is the key to understanding how and why foreign policy decisions are made. The text begins by using this analytic approach to look at the history of foreign policymaking and then examines how various parties inside and outside government influence decision making. In a unique third section, the book takes a regional approach, not only covering trends other books tend to miss, but giving students the opportunity to think comprehensively about how issues intersect around the globe—from human security and democratization, to globalization and pollution. Guided by input from adopters and reviewers, Ray has thoroughly re-organized the book and streamlined some coverage to better consolidate the historical, institutional, regional, and topical chapters and focus the thematic lens of the book. Ray has also brought the book fully up-to-date, addressing the latest events in American foreign policy, including the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the killing of Bin Laden, the WikiLeaks scandal and its aftermath, the impact of social media on foreign policy and world affairs, nuclear proliferation, developments in U.S.-Russian relations, climate change, and more.
Foreign Policy
DOWNLOAD
Author : Steve Smith
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016
Foreign Policy written by Steve Smith and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Political Science categories.
The only introduction to foreign policy to combine theories, actors and cases in one volume.