How The Great Scientists Reasoned
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How The Great Scientists Reasoned
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Author : Gary G. Tibbetts
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2013
How The Great Scientists Reasoned written by Gary G. Tibbetts and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Education categories.
The scientific method is one of the most basic and essential concepts across the sciences, ensuring that investigations are carried out with precision and thoroughness. This book teaches the basic modes of scientific thought, not by philosophical generalizations, but by illustrating in detail how great scientists from across the sciences solved problems using scientific reason.
The Limits Of Scientific Reasoning
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Author : David Faust
language : en
Publisher: U of Minnesota Press
Release Date : 1984
The Limits Of Scientific Reasoning written by David Faust and has been published by U of Minnesota Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1984 with Science categories.
The Limits of Scientific Reasoning was first published in 1984. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions. The study of human judgment and its limitations is essential to an understanding of the processes involved in the acquisition of scientific knowledge. With that end in mind, David Faust has made the first comprehensive attempt to apply recent research on human judgment to the practice of science. Drawing upon the findings of cognitive psychology, Faust maintains that human judgment is far more limited than we have tended to believe and that all individuals - scientists included—have a surprisingly restricted capacity to interpret complex information. Faust's thesis implies that scientists do not perform reasoning tasks, such as theory evaluation, as well as we assume they do, and that there are many judgments the scientist is expected to perform but cannot because of restrictions in cognitive capacity. "This is a very well-written, timely, and important book. It documents and clarifies, in a very scholarly fashion, what sociologists and psychologists of science have been flirting with for several decades—namely, inherent limitations of scientific judgment," –Michael Mahoney, Pennsylvania State University David Faust is director of psychology at Rhode Island Hospital and a faculty member of the Brown University Medical School. He is co-author of Teaching Moral Reasoning: Theory and Practice.
Model Based Reasoning In Scientific Discovery
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Author : L. Magnani
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1999-10-31
Model Based Reasoning In Scientific Discovery written by L. Magnani and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-10-31 with Computers categories.
The volume is based on the papers that were presented at the Interna tional Conference Model-Based Reasoning in Scientific Discovery (MBR'98), held at the Collegio Ghislieri, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, in December 1998. The papers explore how scientific thinking uses models and explanatory reasoning to produce creative changes in theories and concepts. The study of diagnostic, visual, spatial, analogical, and temporal rea soning has demonstrated that there are many ways of performing intelligent and creative reasoning that cannot be described with the help only of tradi tional notions of reasoning such as classical logic. Traditional accounts of scientific reasoning have restricted the notion of reasoning primarily to de ductive and inductive arguments. Understanding the contribution of model ing practices to discovery and conceptual change in science requires ex panding scientific reasoning to include complex forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to incorrect solutions. The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of philoso phy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. There are several key ingredients common to the various forms of model based reasoning to be considered in this book. The models are intended as in terpretations of target physical systems, processes, phenomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain.
Theory And Evidence
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Author : Barbara Koslowski
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1996
Theory And Evidence written by Barbara Koslowski and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Philosophy categories.
Koslowski boldly criticizes many of the currently classic studies and musters a compelling set of arguments, backed by an exhaustive set of experiments carried out during the last decade.
Scientific Reasoning And Argumentation
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Author : Frank Fischer
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-06-13
Scientific Reasoning And Argumentation written by Frank Fischer and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-13 with Education categories.
Competence in scientific reasoning is one of the most valued outcomes of secondary and higher education. However, there is a need for a deeper understanding of and further research into the roles of domain-general and domain-specific knowledge in such reasoning. This book explores the functions and limitations of domain-general conceptions of reasoning and argumentation, the substantial differences that exist between the disciplines, and the role of domain-specific knowledge and epistemologies. Featuring chapters and commentaries by widely cited experts in the learning sciences, educational psychology, science education, history education, and cognitive science, Scientific Reasoning and Argumentation presents new perspectives on a decades-long debate about the role of domain-specific knowledge and its contribution to the development of more general reasoning abilities.
Exploring Science
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Author : David Klahr
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2000
Exploring Science written by David Klahr and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Psychology categories.
David Klahr suggests that we now know enough about cognition--and hence about everyday thinking--to advance our understanding of scientific thinking.
International Handbook Of Thinking And Reasoning
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Author : Linden J. Ball
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2017-11-14
International Handbook Of Thinking And Reasoning written by Linden J. Ball and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-14 with Business & Economics categories.
The Routledge International Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning is an authoritative reference work providing a balanced overview of current scholarship spanning the full breadth of the rapidly developing and expanding field of thinking and reasoning. It contains 35 chapters written by leading international researchers, covering foundational issues as well as state-of-the-art developments in thinking and reasoning research. Topics covered range across all sub-areas of thinking and reasoning, including deduction, induction, abduction, judgment, decision making, argumentation, problem solving, expertise, creativity and rationality. The contributors engage with cutting-edge debates such as the status of dual-process theories of thinking, the role of unconscious, intuitive, emotional and metacognitive processes in thinking, and the importance of probabilistic conceptualisations of thinking and reasoning. Authors also examine the importance of neuroscientific findings in informing theoretical developments, and explore the situated nature of thinking and reasoning across a range of real-world contexts such as mathematics, medicine and science. The Handbook provides a clear sense of the way in which contemporary ideas are challenging traditional viewpoints as "new paradigm of the psychology of reasoning" emerges. This paradigm-shifting research is paving the way toward a richer and more inclusive understanding of thinking and reasoning, where important new questions drive a forward-looking research agenda. It is essential reading for both established researchers in the field of thinking and reasoning as well as advanced students wishing to learn more about both the historical foundations and latest developments in this rapidly growing field.
Theology In The Age Of Scientific Reasoning
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Author : Nancey Murphy
language : en
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Release Date : 2018-07-05
Theology In The Age Of Scientific Reasoning written by Nancey Murphy and has been published by Cornell University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-05 with Philosophy categories.
In this timely and provocative book, Nancey Murphy sets out to dispel skepticism regarding Christian belief. She argues for the rationality of Christian belief by showing that theological reasoning is similar to scientific reasoning as described by contemporary philosophy of science. Murphy draws on new historicist accounts of science, particularly that of lmre Lakatos. According to Lakatos, scientists work within a "research program" consisting of a fixed core theory and a series of changing auxiliary hypotheses that allow for prediction and explanation of novel facts: Murphy argues that strikingly similar patterns of reasoning can be used to justify theological assertions. She provides an original characterization of theological data and explores the consequences for theology and philosophy of religion of adopting such an approach.
Galileo And The Art Of Reasoning
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Author : M.A. Finocchiaro
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Galileo And The Art Of Reasoning written by M.A. Finocchiaro and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
The work of Galileo has long been important not only as a foundation of modern physics but also as a model - and perhaps the paradigmatic model - of scientific method, and therefore as a leading example of scientific rationality. However, as we know, the matter is not so simple. The range of Galileo readings is so varied that one may be led to the conclusion that it is a case of chacun a son Galileo; that here, as with the Bible, or Plato or Kant or Freud or Finnegan's Wake, the texts themselves underdetermine just what moral is to be pointed. But if there is no canonical reading, how can the texts be taken as evidence or example of a canonical view of scientific rationality, as in Galileo? Or is it the case, instead, that we decide a priori what the norms of rationality are and then pick through texts to fmd those which satisfy these norms? Specifically, how and on what grounds are we to accept or reject scientific theories, or scientific reasoning? If we are to do this on the basis of historical analysis of how, in fact, theories came to be accepted or rejected, how shall we distinguish 'is' from 'ought'? What follows (if anything does) from such analysis or reconstruction about how theories ought to be accepted or rejected? Maurice Finocchiaro's study of Galileo brings an important and original approach to the question of scientific rationality by way of a systematic read
A Treatise On The Methods Of Observation And Reasoning In Politics
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Author : Sir George Cornewall Lewis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1852
A Treatise On The Methods Of Observation And Reasoning In Politics written by Sir George Cornewall Lewis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1852 with Political science categories.