Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Author : Barak Orbach
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies written by Barak Orbach and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
In antitrust law, a hub-and-spoke conspiracy is a cartel in which a firm (the “hub”) organizes collusion (the “rim of the wheel” or the “rim”) among upstream or downstream firms (the “spokes”) through vertical restraints. Such a conspiracy may be illegal per se under antitrust law where the horizontal agreement among the spokes (the rim) is per se unlawful.Hub-and-spoke cartels have drawn considerable attention since the 1930s, long before the conspiracy gained its name. Their architecture reduces the need for coordination among the spokes by centralizing at least some of the cartel functions at the hub. As a result, evidence of agreement among the spokes is often found in vertical coordination between the hub and the spokes, not in horizontal coordination. Yet the question of how to use vertical relationships to infer horizontal conspiracy has proved confusing and deserves clarification. This article, explains the analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels under antitrust law, clarifies the meaning of the “rim requirement” (proof of an agreement among the spokes), and advocates that courts clearly state why and how they use vertical coordination to infer a horizontal conspiracy.
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Author : Barbara Dufková
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies written by Barbara Dufková and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Antitrust Analysis Of Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Author : Benjamin Klein
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Antitrust Analysis Of Hub And Spoke Conspiracies written by Benjamin Klein and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
This paper clarifies the relation between per se hub-and-spoke and vertical rule of reason antitrust analysis, the tension between which is illustrated with a detailed examination of the Apple e-books case.
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Author : Nicolas Sahuguet
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies written by Nicolas Sahuguet and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
An increasing number of horizontal agreements involve both competitors and their common suppliers (or retailers). As vertical agreements, indirect horizontal agreements can help reduce coordination failures, but they also have the capacity to dampen competition. The negative welfare effect of these agreements generally dominates when undertakings try and raise prices.Competition authorities generally distinguish alleged infringements between competitors active on the same relevant market (horizontal information exchanges or agreements) and those between undertakings and their suppliers or their customers (vertical agreements). A rising number of infringements mix elements of vertical and horizontal concerted practices, because they are horizontal in nature, but involve competitors and their suppliers (or retailers). They are referred to as hub-and-spoke exchanges (or A-B-C exchanges), where the spokes are active on the same product market and interact indirectly through the hub.From an economics perspective, there is not always an indisputable motive to classify hub-and-spoke agreements as mainly vertical with an horizontal effect, or mainly horizontal with the involvement of a supplier. In the European Union, the legal standards for horizontal and vertical infringements differ significantly. While the Commission's Guidelines on Vertical Restraints characterize vertical minimum resale price maintenance agreements as hardcore restrictions, relying on the presumption that such agreements have an anticompetitive effect, the legal test for indirect horizontal concerted practices developed by the UK Courts is more demanding. It requires that competition authorities prove that the spokes and the hub transmit the information with an anticompetitive intent.
Polish Antitrust Experience With Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Author : Antoni Bolecki
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Polish Antitrust Experience With Hub And Spoke Conspiracies written by Antoni Bolecki and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.
A hub-and-spoke conspiracy involves an exchange of confidential information primarily concerning future prices. The exchange takes place generally between competing distributors via a common supplier but a reverse relationship is also possible. The essence of hub-and-spoke lies in the fact that there is no direct contact between competitors - the party guaranteeing the information flow is normally the common supplier (distributor in a reverse scenario). A hub-and-spoke conspiracy was first identified and specifically described by the British Office of Fair Trade in 2003. There are currently several pending investigations concerning hub-and-spoke practices in a number of EU Member States including Germany, France, Italy and the UK. Three cases of that type have been so far assessed in the Polish antitrust practice: Polifarb Cieszyn Wrocław (2007), Tikurilla (2010) and Akzo Nobel (2010). The main objective of this article is the reconstruction of hub-and-spoke conduct in Poland. Commented will also be issues such as: the connection between hub-and-spoke practices and 'classic' retail price maintenance; standard of proof, and duration of the agreements.
Hub And Spoke Cartels
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Author : Luke Garrod
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2021-11-16
Hub And Spoke Cartels written by Luke Garrod and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-16 with Business & Economics categories.
The first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, with detailed case studies. A cartel forms when competitors conspire to limit competition through coordinated actions. Most cartels are composed exclusively of firms that would otherwise be in competition, but in a hub-and-spoke cartel, those competitors (“spokes”) conspire with the assistance of an upstream supplier or a downstream buyer (“hub”). This book provides the first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, explaining their formation and how they operate to create and sustain a collusive environment. Sixteen detailed case studies, including cases brought against toy manufacturer Hasbro and the Apple ebook case, illustrate the economic framework and legal strategies discussed. The authors identify three types of hub-and-spoke cartels: when an upstream firm facilitates downstream firms to coordinate on higher prices; when a downstream intermediary facilitates upstream suppliers to coordinate on higher prices; and when a downstream firm facilitates upstream suppliers to exclude a downstream rival. They devote a chapter to each type, discussing the formation, coordination, enforcement, efficacy, and prosecution of these cartels, and consider general lessons that can be drawn from the case studies. Finally, they present strategies for prosecuting hub-and-spoke collusion. The book is written to be accessible to both economists and lawyers, and is intended for both scholars and practitioners.
Research Handbook On Methods And Models Of Competition Law
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Author : Deborah Healey
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2020-11-27
Research Handbook On Methods And Models Of Competition Law written by Deborah Healey and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-27 with Law categories.
This comprehensive Handbook illuminates the objectives and economics behind competition law. It takes a global comparative approach to explore competition law and policy in a range of jurisdictions with differing political economies, legal systems and stages of development. A set of expert international contributors examine the operation and enforcement of competition law around the world in order to globalize discussions surrounding the foundational issues of this topic. In doing so, they not only reveal the range of approaches to competition law, but also identify certain basic economic concepts and types of anticompetitive conduct that are at the core of competition law.
2002 Annual Review Of Antitrust Law Developments
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Author : Section of Antitrust Law of American Bar Association
language : en
Publisher: American Bar Association
Release Date : 2003
2002 Annual Review Of Antitrust Law Developments written by Section of Antitrust Law of American Bar Association and has been published by American Bar Association this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Business & Economics categories.
This is the first annual supplement to Antitrust Law Developments (Fifth), a guide that surveys and describes all significant developments in antitrust law.
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Author : Antonia Libera Oliva
language : it
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies written by Antonia Libera Oliva and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Antitrust Law Developments Sixth
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Author : Jonathan M. Jacobson
language : en
Publisher: American Bar Association
Release Date : 2007
Antitrust Law Developments Sixth written by Jonathan M. Jacobson and has been published by American Bar Association this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Law categories.
Rev. ed. of : Antitrust law developments (fifth). c2002.