Hub And Spoke Cartels
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Hub And Spoke Cartels
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Author : Luke Garrod
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2021-11-16
Hub And Spoke Cartels written by Luke Garrod and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-16 with Business & Economics categories.
The first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, with detailed case studies. A cartel forms when competitors conspire to limit competition through coordinated actions. Most cartels are composed exclusively of firms that would otherwise be in competition, but in a hub-and-spoke cartel, those competitors (“spokes”) conspire with the assistance of an upstream supplier or a downstream buyer (“hub”). This book provides the first comprehensive economic and legal analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels, explaining their formation and how they operate to create and sustain a collusive environment. Sixteen detailed case studies, including cases brought against toy manufacturer Hasbro and the Apple ebook case, illustrate the economic framework and legal strategies discussed. The authors identify three types of hub-and-spoke cartels: when an upstream firm facilitates downstream firms to coordinate on higher prices; when a downstream intermediary facilitates upstream suppliers to coordinate on higher prices; and when a downstream firm facilitates upstream suppliers to exclude a downstream rival. They devote a chapter to each type, discussing the formation, coordination, enforcement, efficacy, and prosecution of these cartels, and consider general lessons that can be drawn from the case studies. Finally, they present strategies for prosecuting hub-and-spoke collusion. The book is written to be accessible to both economists and lawyers, and is intended for both scholars and practitioners.
How Do Hub And Spoke Cartels Operate Lessons From Nine Case Studies
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Author : Joseph E. Harrington Jr
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
How Do Hub And Spoke Cartels Operate Lessons From Nine Case Studies written by Joseph E. Harrington Jr and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Hub-and-spoke collusion is when firms in a market coordinate their conduct by communicating through an upstream supplier or downstream customer. This study examines nine hub-and-spoke cartels towards understanding how they operate: What is the collusive scheme? How do firms achieve mutual understanding regarding that scheme? What is the role played by the hub? How effective is hub-and-spoke collusion? The paper also discusses legal approaches to hub-and-spoke collusion.
Information Exchange In Hub And Spoke Cartels
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Author : Jihwan Do
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Information Exchange In Hub And Spoke Cartels written by Jihwan Do and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
Motivated by recent antitrust cases, a hub-and-spoke collusive mechanism involving multiple downstream firms and their common upstream supplier is explored. To this end, I develop a repeated sequential game in which downstream firms receive private demand signals and send private messages to the upstream supplier, who then makes a public non-binding downstream price recommendation. Direct information exchange among horizontal competitors is not allowed. For sufficiently high discount factors, I construct a collusive equilibrium in which firms can sustain nearly perfect industry-wide monopoly profit. The upstream firm's participation in a cartel is shown to be crucial to achieving truthful communication and efficiency.
Hub And Spoke Cartels
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Author : Robert Clark
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Hub And Spoke Cartels written by Robert Clark and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Cartels categories.
Numerous recently uncovered cartels operated along the supply chain, with firms at one end facilitating collusion at the other - hub-and-spoke arrangements. These cartels are hard to rationalize because they induce double marginalization and higher costs. We examine Canada's alleged bread cartel and provide the first comprehensive analysis of hub-and-spoke collusion. We make three contributions: i) Using court documents and pricing data we provide evidence that collusion existed at both ends of the supply chain, ii) we show that collusion was effective, increasing inflation by about 40% and iii) we provide a model explaining why this form of collusion arose.
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies
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Author : Barak Orbach
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Hub And Spoke Conspiracies written by Barak Orbach and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
In antitrust law, a hub-and-spoke conspiracy is a cartel in which a firm (the “hub”) organizes collusion (the “rim of the wheel” or the “rim”) among upstream or downstream firms (the “spokes”) through vertical restraints. Such a conspiracy may be illegal per se under antitrust law where the horizontal agreement among the spokes (the rim) is per se unlawful.Hub-and-spoke cartels have drawn considerable attention since the 1930s, long before the conspiracy gained its name. Their architecture reduces the need for coordination among the spokes by centralizing at least some of the cartel functions at the hub. As a result, evidence of agreement among the spokes is often found in vertical coordination between the hub and the spokes, not in horizontal coordination. Yet the question of how to use vertical relationships to infer horizontal conspiracy has proved confusing and deserves clarification. This article, explains the analysis of hub-and-spoke cartels under antitrust law, clarifies the meaning of the “rim requirement” (proof of an agreement among the spokes), and advocates that courts clearly state why and how they use vertical coordination to infer a horizontal conspiracy.
Selling To A Cartel Of Retailers
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Author : Nicolas Sahuguet
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Selling To A Cartel Of Retailers written by Nicolas Sahuguet and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
Law Of Cartels
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Author : Mark Jephcott
language : en
Publisher: Jordan Publishing (GB)
Release Date : 2011
Law Of Cartels written by Mark Jephcott and has been published by Jordan Publishing (GB) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Cartels categories.
The law against hard-core cartel activity involving conspiracies - such as price fixing, bid rigging, and marketing sharing agreements between competitors - is widely regarded as the centerpiece of competition law. It is a priority for both EU and UK competition authorities. The Law of Cartels is an authoritative work offering practical advice for both lawyers advising companies and for company directors. In addition to a comprehensive overview of the main aspects of the law, it offers guidance on dealing with cartel investigations by the competition authorities, implementing compliance programs to reduce the risk of cartel activity taking place, and it examines the options for companies accused of hard-core cartel activity. This second edition has been extensively re-written to take into account changes in the law affecting the enforcement regimes at both the UK and EU level. It examines in detail recent developments, such as the increasing regulation of information exchange, the refinement of the concept of 'hub and spoke' cartels, the first criminal conviction under the UK's cartel offense, revised EU fining guidelines and rising fines, and revised EU leniency guidelines.
What Did The Turkish Competition Authority Ignore In Its First Hub Andspoke Cartel Decision
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Author : Emin Köksal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
What Did The Turkish Competition Authority Ignore In Its First Hub Andspoke Cartel Decision written by Emin Köksal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Hub-and-spoke cartels have recently come under the spotlight of competition authorities. The Turkish Competition Authority (TCA) found five grocery retailers and a cooking oil supplier in breach of Article 4 of the Turkish competition act (the equivalent of Article 101 TFEU). In this article, we discuss some of the drawbacks and limitations of the TCA's first hub-and-spoke cartel decision that may also have significance for the practice of competition law in Europe. We examine how failure to conduct a simple economic analysis misled the TCA in its theory of how the hub-and-spoke cartel was formed and in its treatment of retailers' sequential price setting.
Handbook On European Competition Law
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Author : Ioannis Lianos
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2013-10-31
Handbook On European Competition Law written by Ioannis Lianos and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-31 with Law categories.
This Handbook will be an indispensable reference work for practitioners and scholars, as well as for those in an enforcement environment.
The Digital Economy And Competition Law In Asia
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Author : Steven Van Uytsel
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-05-06
The Digital Economy And Competition Law In Asia written by Steven Van Uytsel and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-06 with Law categories.
The digital economy, broadly defined as the economy operating on the basis of interconnectivity between people and businesses, has gradually spread over the world. Although a global phenomenon, the digital economy plays out in local economic, political, and regulatory contexts. The problems thus created by the digital economy may be approached differently depending on the context. This edited collection brings together leading scholars based in Asia to detail how their respective jurisdictions respond to the competition law problems evolving out of the deployment of the digital economy. This book is timely, because it will show to what extent new competition law regimes or those with a history of lax enforcement can respond to these new developments in the economy. Academics in law and business strategies with an interest in competition law, both in Asia and more broadly, will find the insights in this edited collection invaluable. Further, this volume will be a key resource for scholars, practitioners and students.