Identity Politics And Ethnic Conflicts In Rwanda And Burundi
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Identity Politics And Ethnic Conflicts In Rwanda And Burundi
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Author : Godfrey Mwakikagile
language : en
Publisher: New Africa Press
Release Date : 2012
Identity Politics And Ethnic Conflicts In Rwanda And Burundi written by Godfrey Mwakikagile and has been published by New Africa Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Social Science categories.
This work looks at conflicts between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda and Burundi. The conflicts between the two groups have sometimes been characterised as ethnic, although neither group has fundamental attributes of ethnicity or ethnic identity which separate one from the other. They have the same culture. They speak the same language. And they have had a common history during the past 400 years. They have intermingled and have intermarried for so long since the Tutsi arrived in the region about 400 years ago that whatever differences existed between them in the past in terms of culture, identity, and biology have been erased. Yet they do exist as distinct social groups. They maintain separate group identities, as Hutus and as Tutsis, mainly because of the asymmetrical relationship between them. Inequity of power has solidified those identities. Historically, the Tutsi minority have been the rulers. Their status as the dominant group was enhanced during colonial rule when the Belgians favoured and recognised them as the traditional rulers, superior to the Hutu, thus legitimising inequalities between the two groups. The differences between them were even given official sanction. And the subordinate status of the Hutu majority was used by the Belgians to justify discrimination against them in terms of employment and educational opportunities while favouring the Tutsi. The conflict between the two groups is rooted in inequity of power, fuelled by stereotypes against the Hutu majority. Domination of the Hutu majority by the Tutsi minority, which started before the advent of colonial rule, has also solidified ethnic identities of the two groups through the years. A shared consciousness among the members of each group and their distinctiveness - each seeing themselves as different from the other - have also played a major role in the evolution and consolidation of these separate identities.
Burundi
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Author : Rene Lemarchand
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1996-01-26
Burundi written by Rene Lemarchand and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996-01-26 with History categories.
This book offers a wide-ranging discussion of the roots and consequences of ethnic strife in Burundi, and provides the reader with an appropriate background for an understanding of Burundi's transition to multiparty democracy and the coup and violence that followed.
Diversity Violence And Recognition
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Author : Elisabeth King
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2020-03-30
Diversity Violence And Recognition written by Elisabeth King and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-30 with Political Science categories.
When considering strategies to address violent conflict, scholars and policymakers debate the wisdom of recognizing versus avoiding reference to ethnic identities in government institutions. In Diversity, Violence, and Recognition, Elisabeth King and Cyrus Samii examine the reasons that governments choose to recognize ethnic identities and the consequences of such choices for peace. The authors introduce a theory on the merits and risks of recognizing ethnic groups in state institutions, pointing to the crucial role of ethnic demographics. Through a global quantitative analysis and in-depth case studies of Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia, they find promise in recognition. Countries that adopt recognition go on to experience less violence, more economic vitality, and more democratic politics, but these effects depend on which ethnic group is in power. King and Samii's findings are important for scholars studying peace, democracy, and development, and practically relevant to policymakers attempting to make these concepts a reality.
Burundi The Hutu And The Tutsi Cauldron Of Conflict And Quest For Dynamic Compromise
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Author : Godfrey Mwakikagile
language : en
Publisher: New Africa Press
Release Date : 2012-05
Burundi The Hutu And The Tutsi Cauldron Of Conflict And Quest For Dynamic Compromise written by Godfrey Mwakikagile and has been published by New Africa Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05 with Social Science categories.
This work looks at conflicts between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Burundi. It is also a profile of the Hutu and the Tutsi as a people. They are two social groups which claim separate identities on ethnic or tribal basis although they speak the same language and have the same culture. The work also looks at conflicts in eastern Congo which led to the downfall of President Mobutu Sese Seko of what was then known as Zaire. The author also looks at attempts by regional neighbours to resolve the conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi in Burundi, especially the role played by Tanzania and its former president, Julius Nyerere, who was the chief mediator. Most of Burundi's exports and imports go through Tanzania, giving the country leverage as the main facilitator of the peace process which sometimes has involved economic sanctions against Burundi. The conflict between the Hutu and the Tutsi is one of Africa's intractable problems. It is also one of the oldest in the post-colonial era. The book sheds some light on the complex situation in Burundi and on relations between the two groups. It also provides some insights into what can be done to resolve one of Africa's perennial problems. It can also be helpful to those who are trying to learn about Burundi for the first time. Students of African studies may also find this work to be useful.
Civil Wars In Rwanda And Burundi
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Author : Godfrey Mwakikagile
language : en
Publisher: New Africa Press
Release Date : 2013
Civil Wars In Rwanda And Burundi written by Godfrey Mwakikagile and has been published by New Africa Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with History categories.
This is a historical survey and analysis of some of the bloodiest conflicts in modern times. The civil wars in Rwanda and Burundi, twin states in the Great Lakes region of East Africa, are often explained in simplistic terms even by some political pundits as mere tribal wars, rooted in anciet hatred, between the Hutu and the Tutsi. Ethnicity is indeed a factor. But of paramount importance in this conflict between the Hutu and the Tutsi, in both countries, is the struggle for power although with "racial" overtones, and the exclusion of the Hutu majority from meaningful participation in the political process. Therefore the conflicts are not tribal wars but political statements as well, probably more than anything else; what Tanzanian President Benjamin Mkapa aptly described as "military expressions of political intent." In this comprehensive study, the author also addresses one of the most controversial subjects today: conflict resolution in Africa. There are no easy answers, but the author attempts to provide some of them. He covers as much ground as possible, trying to come up with solutions not only to the wars in Africa's Great Lakes region, but in other parts of the continent as well.
Ethnic Politics And Democratic Transition In Rwanda
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Author : David E. Kiwuwa
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2012
Ethnic Politics And Democratic Transition In Rwanda written by David E. Kiwuwa and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with History categories.
This book offers an examination of how a deeply divided post-conflict society embarks on democratic transition. Using Rwanda as the case study, it combines analysis of democratic transition and ethnopolitical debate, asking why deeply divided ethnic societies have a tendency to fail. Though marginalised in existing literature on democratic transition, this path-breaking book shows how ethnicity has a significant impact on the direction and success of democratic process. The initial failure of democratic transition in Rwanda shows that the current regime will need to be sensitive to ethnicity, ethnopolitical consciousness and mobility in order to be successful in its second transition attempt. Based on key informant interviews, participant observation and primary resources, this book develops beyond the case study of Rwanda to posit a new framework that integrates variables of unity, equality, trust and institutional engineering in an integrative model to study and evaluate democratic transition in divided or post-conflict society. Ethnic Politics and Democratic Transition in Rwanda will be of interest to students and scholars of democratization, democracy, and ethnic politics and conflict.
Political Conflict And Ethnic Strategies
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Author : Warren Weinstein
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Political Conflict And Ethnic Strategies written by Warren Weinstein and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Burundi categories.
Institutional Legacies Decision Frames And Political Violence In Rwanda And Burundi
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Author : Stacey Mitchell
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-10-09
Institutional Legacies Decision Frames And Political Violence In Rwanda And Burundi written by Stacey Mitchell and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-09 with Political Science categories.
Rwanda and Burundi are strikingly similar countries that underwent democratization in the early 1990s. In both, resistance to democratic reforms led to coups d’état and presidential assassinations. A conundrum arises in terms of what transpires next. In Rwanda, total genocide was perpetrated by extremist Hutu actors, including government officials, upon the country’s Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu populations. In Burundi the coup d’état failed and instead ushered in a lengthy period of civil war. This divergence in outcome is puzzling given the similarity of these two countries, and it is not adequately explained by studies that address collective violence in each. This book utilizes an integrative approach that facilitates the formation of an explanation that more fully accounts for variation in the type of collective violence that occurred in Rwanda and Burundi. Showing that political actors – during periods of major institutional change – do not all respond to or perceive reform in the exact same manner or in a necessarily rational manner, this book makes an important contribution to the literature on ethnic conflict, collective violence and democratization in Africa.
Identity Transformation And Politicization In Africa
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Author : Toyin Falola
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2022-09-06
Identity Transformation And Politicization In Africa written by Toyin Falola and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-06 with Political Science categories.
Identity Transformation and Politicization in Africa: Shifting Mobilization, edited by Toyin Falola and Céline A. Jacquemin, questions whether identity is providing and sustaining power for elites, or fueling oppression and conflicts, being mobilized for exclusionary movements versus inclusive societal changes, or educating in ways that foster progress and development. Do aspects of African identities and the challenges they present also hold prospects for more inclusive and peaceful democratic and representative futures? The contributors cover a wide spectrum of expertise on different African countries (Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, Rwanda, Morocco, and Libya). They come from diverse disciplines (History, Political Science, Public Administration, Philosophy, Economics and Finance, Cultural Studies, Music, and International Relations), and use various methods and approaches in their research. Some contributors belong to the groups whose identity is being scrutinized and are participants in the efforts to politicize and mobilize, while others remain outside observers, who share some traits or interests with the African identities examined and provide different kinds of insights. Several chapters explore how innovative pedagogical projects studying African history and identity—facilitated by the internet and new social media—transform and connect with the African continent. Each author provides important insights on how mobilization around identity issues has been shifting with the internet and social media.
The Politics Of Ethnic Conflict Regulation
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Author : John McGarry
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-06-17
The Politics Of Ethnic Conflict Regulation written by John McGarry and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-17 with Political Science categories.
This major and timely collection addresses one of the world's most visible and tragic problems: ethnic conflict and its regulation. It begins with a guide to the primary methods used to eliminate or manag eethnic conflict, and is followed by a global sample of case studies written by leading authorities in their fields.