Implications Of Worker Classification In On Demand Economy
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Implications Of Worker Classification In On Demand Economy
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Author : Ming Hu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Implications Of Worker Classification In On Demand Economy written by Ming Hu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
How should workers in the on-demand economy be classified? As contractors, employees, or somewhere in between? We study this policy question focusing primarily on the welfare of long-term (LT) workers, who have worked as much as full-time employees but have been treated as contractors. We develop a game-theoretic queueing model with a service platform and two types of workers: LT workers who commit to gig jobs ex ante according to the long-run earning rate, and ad hoc (AH) workers who participate ex post based on real-time payoffs for doing gigs. We identify two issues associated with uniform classifications: when all workers previously treated as contractors are reclassified as employees according to rulings such as the 2019 Assembly Bill No. 5 (AB5) in California, the profit-maximizing company may undercut (i.e., underpay or underhire) workers and thus LT workers' average welfare can decrease; when all are reclassified as "contractors+," a UK practice and an intermediate status between contractor and employee that provides incomplete employee benefits but allows workers to self-join, workers can overjoin such that LT workers' utilization rate will remain low and their average welfare will not be effectively enhanced. In light of these issues, we consider a discriminatory scheme that classifies only LT workers as employees while leaving AH workers as contractors. This hybrid mode still suffers from undercutting but curbs overjoining. In addition, it can do less harm to consumers and the platform operator than uniform classifications. As a companion, we also study a discriminatory dispatch policy that prioritizes LT workers over AH workers. We demonstrate the potential of this operational approach to simultaneously counteract both undercutting and overjoining. Finally, we empirically calibrate the model and apply our insights to the ride-hailing market in California, where AB5 attempted to reclassify gig workers as employees.
Work In The Gig Economy
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Author : James Duggan
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-07-01
Work In The Gig Economy written by James Duggan and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Throughout the last decade, the ‘gig economy’ has emerged as one of the most significant developments in the world of work. As a novel, hyper-flexible form of labour, gig work features a uniquely fragmented working arrangement wherein independent workers partner with digital platform organisations to provide a range of on-demand services to customers. Work in the Gig Economy: A Research Overview provides a concise overview to the key themes and debate that encompass the gig economy literature. It covers five core themes: an introduction to gig work; classification issues; the role of technology; the experiences of gig workers; and the future of gig work. As an emerging and diverse research field, contributions stem from an array of perspectives including psychology, sociology, human resource management, legal studies, and technology management. The chapters synthesise the most prominent insights into this emerging field, key thinking on the complex relationships and conditions found in gig work, and the most significant issues to be addressed as the gig economy continues to develop. A critical introduction for students, scholars and reflective professionals and policymakers, this book provides much needed direction through the rapidly growing and expansive body of research on work in the gig economy.
The End Of The Subordinate Worker Collaborative Economy On Demand Economy Gig Economy And The Crowdworkers Need For Protection
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Author : Adrian Todolí-Signes
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
The End Of The Subordinate Worker Collaborative Economy On Demand Economy Gig Economy And The Crowdworkers Need For Protection written by Adrian Todolí-Signes and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
The Digital era has changed industrial relationships dramatically. This has caused a considerable legal uncertainty about which rules apply to cyberspace. Technology is transforming business organizations in a way that makes the employee - as subordinate work - less necessary. A new type of companies "on demand economy" "sharing economy" - dedicated to connecting customers directly with individual service providers are emerging. Thus, these companies develop their core business completely through workers classified as self-employed workers. In this context, employment law is facing its greatest challenge, dealing with a very different reality compared to the one existing when it was created. However, workers still need protection. This study aims to analyse the reasons behind this conclusion.
City Society And Digital Transformation
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Author : Robin Qiu
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-12-10
City Society And Digital Transformation written by Robin Qiu and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-10 with Business & Economics categories.
This book showcases recent research advances in service science and related fields. Including selected papers from the 2022 INFORMS International Conference on Service Science, held in Shenzhen, China from July 2 to 4, 2022, the book presents new theories and empirical results in the emerging, interdisciplinary field of digital transformation and society. Incorporating research, education and practice alike, the respective chapters highlight a host of ways to approach these challenges in service science.
Raw Deal
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Author : Steven Hill
language : en
Publisher: St. Martin's Press
Release Date : 2015-10-20
Raw Deal written by Steven Hill and has been published by St. Martin's Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-20 with Business & Economics categories.
"What's going to happen to my job?" That's what an increasing number of anxious Americans are asking themselves. The US workforce, which has been one of the most productive and wealthiest in the world, is undergoing an alarming transformation. Increasing numbers of workers find themselves on shaky ground, turned into freelancers, temps and contractors. Even many full-time and professional jobs are experiencing this precarious shift. Within a decade, a near-majority of the 145 million employed Americans will be impacted. Add to that the steamroller of automation, robots and artificial intelligence already replacing millions of workers and projected to "obsolesce" millions more, and the jobs picture starts looking grim. Now a weird yet historic mash-up of Silicon Valley technology and Wall Street greed is thrusting upon us the latest economic fraud: the so-called "sharing economy," with companies like Uber, Airbnb and TaskRabbit allegedly "liberating workers" to become "independent" and "their own CEOs," hiring themselves out for ever-smaller jobs and wages while the companies profit. But this "share the crumbs" economy is just the tip of a looming iceberg that the middle class is drifting toward. Raw Deal: How the "Uber Economy" and Runaway Capitalism Are Screwing American Workers,by veteran journalist Steven Hill, is an exposé that challenges conventional thinking, and the hype celebrating this new economy, by showing why the vision of the "techno sapien" leaders and their Ayn Rand libertarianism is a dead end. In Raw Deal, Steven Hill proposes pragmatic policy solutions to transform the US economy and its safety net and social contract, launching a new kind of deal to restore power back into the hands of American workers.
The Fissured Workplace
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Author : David Weil
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2014-02-17
The Fissured Workplace written by David Weil and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-17 with Business & Economics categories.
In the twentieth century, large companies employing many workers formed the bedrock of the U.S. economy. Today, on the list of big business's priorities, sustaining the employer-worker relationship ranks far below building a devoted customer base and delivering value to investors. As David Weil's groundbreaking analysis shows, large corporations have shed their role as direct employers of the people responsible for their products, in favor of outsourcing work to small companies that compete fiercely with one another. The result has been declining wages, eroding benefits, inadequate health and safety protections, and ever-widening income inequality. From the perspectives of CEOs and investors, fissuring--splitting off functions that were once managed internally--has been phenomenally successful. Despite giving up direct control to subcontractors and franchises, these large companies have figured out how to maintain the quality of brand-name products and services, without the cost of maintaining an expensive workforce. But from the perspective of workers, this strategy has meant stagnation in wages and benefits and a lower standard of living. Weil proposes ways to modernize regulatory policies so that employers can meet their obligations to workers while allowing companies to keep the beneficial aspects of this business strategy.
Employee Classification In The Sharing Economy
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Author : Elizabeth Chika Tippett
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Employee Classification In The Sharing Economy written by Elizabeth Chika Tippett and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Workers in the sharing economy are overwhelmingly classified as independent contractors. Under existing rules, at least some of them qualify as employees. However, their employers have limited incentives to reclassify them due to arbitration agreements containing class action waivers, which cut off the threat of aggregate claims. Existing rules can also be somewhat misaligned with the sharing economy. Courts are expected to assess the level of control companies exercise over workers, but their task is complicated when control is exercised through software. Formerly reliable proxies for independent contractor status - such as ownership of equipment, and flexibly scheduling - may no longer be as meaningful as they once were. As the sharing economy matures and plays a more fixed role within the landscape of employment opportunities, courts and regulators may need to adjust their approach. Such adjustments will be necessary both to ensure that sharing companies do not secure a competitive advantage from their avoidance of employment rules, and to extend a baseline level of protections to affected workers.
Humans As A Service
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Author : Jeremias Prassl
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-04-05
Humans As A Service written by Jeremias Prassl and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-04-05 with Law categories.
The crowdsourcing of work - the 'gig economy' - has been hailed as a 'sharing' revolution, enabling 'micro-entrepreneurs' to enjoy greater autonomy and flexibility in taking on 'gigs', 'rides', or 'tasks', while customers benefit from the ease, convenience, and affordability of 'work on demand'. Is this the future of work? What are the benefits and challenges of crowdsourced work? Is the gig economy fundamentally different to existing models of work and should it be kept outside the scope of employment law, as many platforms claim? Humans as a Service offers an engaging and critical account of the gig economy. It charts the industry's dramatic growth, explores the diverse platforms that comprise it, and describes how they operate. In scrutinising the competing narratives about 'gig' work, the book demonstrates the importance of language: how claims of 'disruptive innovation' and 'micro-entrepreneurship' often obscure the realities of highly precarious work and the strict algorithmic surveillance and control to which workers are subject. And yet, far from being radically new, the book shows that the gig economy is but the latest (and perhaps most extreme) example of labour market practices that have existed for centuries. Turning to how the law should respond to the on-demand economy, it argues that regulators can and must bring this work within the scope of employment law, adapting existing norms where necessary, in order to protect both customers and workers. Finally, it explores the wider implications of the gig economy for markets and consumers, assessing oppprtunities and challenges - if this is the future of work, how can it be made sustainable?
Worker Classification Conundrums In The Gig Economy
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Author : Susan E. Provenzano
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Worker Classification Conundrums In The Gig Economy written by Susan E. Provenzano and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
In February 2022, scholars, legislators, and industry and labor thought leaders converged virtually at the University of the Pacific McGeorge School of Law to offer state-of-the-art legal and policy perspectives on regulating the gig economy - particularly in the frontline state of California. This Essay sets the stage for these distinguished contributions in a special Symposium issue of the Pacific Law Review. It addresses a foundational question: who is an “employee” and who is an “independent contractor” in the eyes of the law? The answer affects everything from wage rights and taxation to tort liability and discrimination protections. This Essay explains why determining a worker's status is so fraught in the gig economy, where stakes and incentives are shaped by erratic legal frameworks and firm opportunism.
Prosperity In The On Demand Economy
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Author : Ziya Mehmet Smallens
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Prosperity In The On Demand Economy written by Ziya Mehmet Smallens and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Labor market categories.
In the 21st century, the American labor market is best defined by instability. Since the 1970s, more and more Americans have been forced into precarious work arrangements that fail to ensure job security, livable wage-rates, or employee satisfaction. A dark cloud swirls around the labor market in the form of contingent work. Contingent workers are not guaranteed the same protections and securities as traditional employees. Firms revel in an employment landscape that allows them to deploy and terminate workers with ease. Contingent work has carved its own position in the economy in the form of the Gig economy. The Gig economy marks a pivot in American employment relationships: where the postwar labor market served to fortify long-term commitments between firms and their workers, the Gig economy has propelled workers towards vulnerability. Despite its casualization of the American economy, the Gig economy has also inspired the emergence of a new, and potentially significant, form of commercial exchange in the On-Demand economy. The On-Demand economy is comprised of app- based platforms that connect consumers with workers who provide a single service or form of exchange. On the surface, this sector of the economy simply exacerbates a structural trend towards precarity. This assessment is short-sighted. On-Demand platforms offer groundbreaking forms of commercial exchange. Consumers can request a service, and within minutes, have their whims conveniently satisfied. Recent technological advancements have inspired the growth of business models that were implausible less than two decades ago. Today, most On-Demand platforms placate the desires of consumers. These platforms have the potential to generate consumer demand and ensure the provision of vital services to the weakest among us. With the On-Demand economy, workers can benefit from the ability to assert sovereignty in a labor market that has subjugated them for the past several decades. Currently, the On-Demand economy is hindered by the fact that it is a product of the wider Gig economy. The former may inspire innovation and creative forms of exchange, but it still operates under the auspices of the latter. Therefore, On-Demand workers are pushed into unstable and unpredictable employment arrangements. The predominant systems responsible for protecting and advocating for American workers were constructed in the early 20th century, during the New Deal. The public policies and institutions ushered in by the New Deal have undoubtedly enhanced the livelihoods of millions of Americans. Despite this fact, these systems and forms of protections have frayed over the past several decades; they were never intended to satisfy the needs of workers in the Gig and On-Demand economy. If the rules and regulations outlined by the New Deal were imposed on firms in the On-Demand economy, the results would be disastrous. While conventional policy prescriptions could theoretically benefit workers, they would smother the emerging On-Demand economy, and inhibit the flexibility it avails to workers. Macrostructural trends have provoked the rise of the nefarious Gig economy as well as the potentially valuable On-Demand economy. Both sectors of the economy challenge the traditional methods by which workers are guaranteed security and stability. The goal of this Thesis is to investigate how labor protections and benefits can be reimagined in order to empower American workers whilst simultaneously fostering innovation and flexibility in the On-Demand economy.