Incompleteness For Higher Order Arithmetic
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Incompleteness For Higher Order Arithmetic
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Author : Yong Cheng
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-08-30
Incompleteness For Higher Order Arithmetic written by Yong Cheng and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-30 with Mathematics categories.
Gödel's true-but-unprovable sentence from the first incompleteness theorem is purely logical in nature, i.e. not mathematically natural or interesting. An interesting problem is to find mathematically natural and interesting statements that are similarly unprovable. A lot of research has since been done in this direction, most notably by Harvey Friedman. A lot of examples of concrete incompleteness with real mathematical content have been found to date. This brief contributes to Harvey Friedman's research program on concrete incompleteness for higher-order arithmetic and gives a specific example of concrete mathematical theorems which is expressible in second-order arithmetic but the minimal system in higher-order arithmetic to prove it is fourth-order arithmetic. This book first examines the following foundational question: are all theorems in classic mathematics expressible in second-order arithmetic provable in second-order arithmetic? The author gives a counterexample for this question and isolates this counterexample from the Martin-Harrington Theorem in set theory. It shows that the statement “Harrington's principle implies zero sharp" is not provable in second-order arithmetic. This book further examines what is the minimal system in higher-order arithmetic to prove the theorem “Harrington's principle implies zero sharp" and shows that it is neither provable in second-order arithmetic or third-order arithmetic, but provable in fourth-order arithmetic. The book also examines the large cardinal strength of Harrington's principle and its strengthening over second-order arithmetic and third-order arithmetic.
Incompleteness For Higher Order Arithmetic
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Author : Yong Cheng
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Incompleteness For Higher Order Arithmetic written by Yong Cheng and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Incompleteness theorems categories.
The book examines the following foundation question: are all theorems in classic mathematics which are expressible in second order arithmetic provable in second order arithmetic? In this book, the author gives a counterexample for this question and isolates this counterexample from Martin-Harrington theorem in set theory. It shows that the statement "Harrington's principle implies zero sharp" is not provable in second order arithmetic. The book also examines what is the minimal system in higher order arithmetic to show that Harrington's principle implies zero sharp and the large cardinal strength of Harrington's principle and its strengthening over second and third order arithmetic.
Godel S Incompleteness Theorems
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Author : Raymond M. Smullyan
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1992-08-20
Godel S Incompleteness Theorems written by Raymond M. Smullyan and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992-08-20 with Mathematics categories.
Kurt Godel, the greatest logician of our time, startled the world of mathematics in 1931 with his Theorem of Undecidability, which showed that some statements in mathematics are inherently "undecidable." His work on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum theory brought him further worldwide fame. In this introductory volume, Raymond Smullyan, himself a well-known logician, guides the reader through the fascinating world of Godel's incompleteness theorems. The level of presentation is suitable for anyone with a basic acquaintance with mathematical logic. As a clear, concise introduction to a difficult but essential subject, the book will appeal to mathematicians, philosophers, and computer scientists.
The Incompleteness Phenomenon
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Author : Martin Goldstern
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-10-08
The Incompleteness Phenomenon written by Martin Goldstern and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-10-08 with Mathematics categories.
This introduction to mathematical logic takes Gödel's incompleteness theorem as a starting point. It goes beyond a standard text book and should interest everyone from mathematicians to philosophers and general readers who wish to understand the foundations and limitations of modern mathematics.
Incompleteness In The Land Of Sets
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Author : Melvin Fitting
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Incompleteness In The Land Of Sets written by Melvin Fitting and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Incompleteness theorems categories.
Russell's paradox arises when we consider those sets that do not belong to themselves. The collection of such sets cannot constitute a set. Step back a bit. Logical formulas define sets (in a standard model). Formulas, being mathematical objects, can be thought of as sets themselves-mathematics reduces to set theory. Consider those formulas that do not belong to the set they define. The collection of such formulas is not definable by a formula, by the same argument that Russell used. This quickly gives Tarski's result on the undefinability of truth. Variations on the same idea yield the famous results of Gödel, Church, Rosser, and Post. This book gives a full presentation of the basic incompleteness and undecidability theorems of mathematical logic in the framework of set theory. Corresponding results for arithmetic follow easily, and are also given. Gödel numbering is generally avoided, except when an explicit connection is made between set theory and arithmetic. The book assumes little technical background from the reader. One needs mathematical ability, a general familiarity with formal logic, and an understanding of the completeness theorem, though not its proof. All else is developed and formally proved, from Tarski's Theorem to Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem. Exercises are scattered throughout.
Foundations Without Foundationalism
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Author : Stewart Shapiro
language : en
Publisher: Clarendon Press
Release Date : 1991-09-19
Foundations Without Foundationalism written by Stewart Shapiro and has been published by Clarendon Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991-09-19 with Mathematics categories.
The central contention of this book is that second-order logic has a central role to play in laying the foundations of mathematics. In order to develop the argument fully, the author presents a detailed development of higher-order logic, including a comprehensive discussion of its semantics. Professor Shapiro demonstrates the prevalence of second-order notions in mathematics is practised, and also the extent to which mathematical concepts can be formulated in second-order languages . He shows how first-order languages are insufficient to codify many concepts in contemporary mathematics, and thus that higher-order logic is needed to fully reflect current mathematics. Throughout, the emphasis is on discussing the philosophical and historical issues associated with this subject, and the implications that they have for foundational studies. For the most part, the author assumes little more than a familiarity with logic as might be gained from a beginning graduate course which includes the incompleteness of arithmetic and the Lowenheim-Skolem theorems. All those concerned with the foundations of mathematics will find this a thought-provoking discussion of some of the central issues in this subject.
Incompleteness And Computability
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Author : Richard Zach
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019-11-09
Incompleteness And Computability written by Richard Zach and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-09 with categories.
This book is an introduction to metamathematics and Gödel's theorems. It covers recursive function theory, arithmetization of syntax, the first and second incompleteness theorem, models of arithmetic, second-order logic, and the lambda calculus. It is based on the Open Logic Project, and available for free download at ic.openlogicproject.org.
Logical Foundations Of Mathematics And Computational Complexity
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Author : Pavel Pudlák
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-22
Logical Foundations Of Mathematics And Computational Complexity written by Pavel Pudlák and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-22 with Mathematics categories.
The two main themes of this book, logic and complexity, are both essential for understanding the main problems about the foundations of mathematics. Logical Foundations of Mathematics and Computational Complexity covers a broad spectrum of results in logic and set theory that are relevant to the foundations, as well as the results in computational complexity and the interdisciplinary area of proof complexity. The author presents his ideas on how these areas are connected, what are the most fundamental problems and how they should be approached. In particular, he argues that complexity is as important for foundations as are the more traditional concepts of computability and provability. Emphasis is on explaining the essence of concepts and the ideas of proofs, rather than presenting precise formal statements and full proofs. Each section starts with concepts and results easily explained, and gradually proceeds to more difficult ones. The notes after each section present some formal definitions, theorems and proofs. Logical Foundations of Mathematics and Computational Complexity is aimed at graduate students of all fields of mathematics who are interested in logic, complexity and foundations. It will also be of interest for both physicists and philosophers who are curious to learn the basics of logic and complexity theory.
Trilogy Of Numbers And Arithmetic Book 1 History Of Numbers And Arithmetic An Information Perspective
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Author : Mark Burgin
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2022-04-22
Trilogy Of Numbers And Arithmetic Book 1 History Of Numbers And Arithmetic An Information Perspective written by Mark Burgin and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-04-22 with Mathematics categories.
The book is the first in the trilogy which will bring you to the fascinating world of numbers and operations with them. Numbers provide information about myriads of things. Together with operations, numbers constitute arithmetic forming in basic intellectual instruments of theoretical and practical activity of people and offering powerful tools for representation, acquisition, transmission, processing, storage, and management of information about the world.The history of numbers and arithmetic is the topic of a variety of books and at the same time, it is extensively presented in many books on the history of mathematics. However, all of them, at best, bring the reader to the end of the 19th century without including the developments in these areas in the 20th century and later. Besides, such books consider and describe only the most popular classes of numbers, such as whole numbers or real numbers. At the same time, a diversity of new classes of numbers and arithmetic were introduced in the 20th century.This book looks into the chronicle of numbers and arithmetic from ancient times all the way to 21st century. It also includes the developments in these areas in the 20th century and later. A unique aspect of this book is its information orientation of the exposition of the history of numbers and arithmetic.
Modal Logic As Metaphysics
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Author : Timothy Williamson
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2013-03-28
Modal Logic As Metaphysics written by Timothy Williamson and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-28 with Philosophy categories.
Are there such things as merely possible people, who would have lived if our ancestors had acted differently? Are there future people, who have not yet been conceived? Questions like those raise deep issues about both the nature of being and its logical relations with contingency and change. In Modal Logic as Metaphysics, Timothy Williamson argues for positive answers to those questions on the basis of an integrated approach to the issues, applying the technical resources of modal logic to provide structural cores for metaphysical theories. He rejects the search for a metaphysically neutral logic as futile. The book contains detailed historical discussion of how the metaphysical issues emerged in the twentieth century development of quantified modal logic, through the work of such figures as Rudolf Carnap, Ruth Barcan Marcus, Arthur Prior, and Saul Kripke. It proposes higher-order modal logic as a new setting in which to resolve such metaphysical questions scientifically, by the construction of systematic logical theories embodying rival answers and their comparison by normal scientific standards. Williamson provides both a rigorous introduction to the technical background needed to understand metaphysical questions in quantified modal logic and an extended argument for controversial, provocative answers to them. He gives original, precise treatments of topics including the relation between logic and metaphysics, the methodology of theory choice in philosophy, the nature of possible worlds and their role in semantics, plural quantification compared to quantification into predicate position, communication across metaphysical disagreement, and problems for truthmaker theory.