Independence June 25 1975
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Independence June 25 1975
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Author : Mozambique Revolution (Journal)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975*
Independence June 25 1975 written by Mozambique Revolution (Journal) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975* with Mozambique categories.
Independence June 25 1975
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Author : FRELIMO (Organization)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
Independence June 25 1975 written by FRELIMO (Organization) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with Mozambique categories.
Mozambique Revolution
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1974
Mozambique Revolution written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974 with categories.
Mozambique On Independence Day June 25th 1975
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Author : Klaus-Peter Treydte
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
Mozambique On Independence Day June 25th 1975 written by Klaus-Peter Treydte and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with Mozambique categories.
Mozambique In Depth
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Author : Peace Peace Corps
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2014-09-17
Mozambique In Depth written by Peace Peace Corps and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-17 with categories.
The modern boundaries of Mozambique were not defined until the late 19th century. For centuries before, kings, chiefs, and warlords rose and fell, populations settled and moved on, and frontiers between competing societies constantly shifted. Mozambique's first inhabitants were Bushmen and Hottentot hunters and gatherers. Bantu-speaking peoples migrated to the area from the north, passing through the Zambezi River Valley into the plateau and coastal areas between the first and fourth centuries. By the time Arab traders first landed on Mozambique's offshore islands around A.D. 300, the indigenous peoples had been absorbed into Bantu society. Portuguese explorers reached Mozambique in 1498. From then on, Portuguese trading posts became regular ports of call for European ships on new trade routes to the East. Later, traders traveled inland seeking gold and slaves. It is estimated that nearly 1 million people were sold as slaves to French colonies, Brazil, Cuba, and North America. Mozambique was a Portuguese colony for nearly 500 years. The colonial policies of Lisbon were designed to benefit white settlers, members of elite Mozambican families, and Portugal. Little attention was paid to the development of Mozambique's economic infrastructure. What development did take place was linked to the powerful economy of neighboring South Africa through trade networks and the export of labor to South African mines. After World War II, while many European nations were granting independence to their colonies, Portugal clung to its overseas territories. In 1964, Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), led by U.S.-educated Eduardo Mondlane, initiated an armed campaign against Portugal. After 10 years of sporadic warfare, Mozambique gained independence on June 25, 1975, with Samora Machel as president and the Marxist FRELIMO as the sole legal political party. A civil war between the FRELIMO government and the Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) began in 1976. RENAMO was initially supported by Ian Smith's apartheid regime in Rhodesia. After Rhodesia became the independent state of Zimbabwe in 1980, apartheid South Africa took over the sponsorship of RENAMO. Local populations in the central and northern regions, who were dissatisfied with the FRELIMO government, supported RENAMO despite its human rights abuses. In 1984 the governments of South Africa and Mozambique signed the Nkomati Accord, committing their countries to the cessation of hostilities. Despite the ensuing reduction in external support of RENAMO, the civil war continued. In 1986 President Machel was killed in a plane crash and was succeeded by Joaquim Chissano. An estimated 1 million people died during the war. In 1989 FRELIMO officially abandoned Marxist-Leninism under pressure from the International Monetary Fund and The World Bank to make a structural readjustment and open up to a market economy. In 1990 direct talks began between the government and RENAMO. Negotiations were proceeding slowly when, in 1992, Mozambique suffered its worst drought in the 20th century. The government and RENAMO subsequently agreed on principles for humanitarian assistance while pledging security for relief operations. A formal cease-fire went into effect on October 4, 1992, and a U.N. peacekeeping force oversaw a successful two-year transition to multiparty elections. By 1995 the more than 1.7 million refugees who had sought asylum in neighboring countries as a result of the war and drought returned to Mozambique as part of the largest repatriation witnessed in sub-Saharan Africa. At the same time, an additional 4 million internally displaced people returned to their areas of origin.
Cinemas Of The Mozambican Revolution
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Author : Ros Gray
language : en
Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Release Date : 2020
Cinemas Of The Mozambican Revolution written by Ros Gray and has been published by Boydell & Brewer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with History categories.
A timely analysis that provides a pre-history to current debates on decolonisation, the politics of the moving image, and artistic engagements with anti-colonial archives.
The Origins Of War In Mozambique
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Author : Funada-Classen Sayaka
language : en
Publisher: African Minds
Release Date : 2012-04
The Origins Of War In Mozambique written by Funada-Classen Sayaka and has been published by African Minds this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04 with Mozambique categories.
The book focuses on an area called Maúa, not because I believe Maúa represents the whole of Mozambique as such, but because highlighting a specific area and people helps to understand the Mozambican history more deeply and comprehensively. In any case, it would be impossible to study the experience of all Mozambicans. I am not attempting to write a history textbook of Mozambique, or a glorious history of the liberation struggle, but rather trying to fill a gap in the descriptions of contemporary Mozambican history by delving into matters that have not been written about before.
Conspicuous Destruction
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Author : Human Rights Watch (Organization)
language : en
Publisher: Human Rights Watch
Release Date : 1992
Conspicuous Destruction written by Human Rights Watch (Organization) and has been published by Human Rights Watch this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with History categories.
Addressing two sets of concerns, this report covers both the abuses relating to the seventeen years of war between the Mozambique Armed Forces and the rebel Mozambique National Resistance, as well as the reforms instigated by the ruling Mozambique Liberation Front under President Joachim Chissano. Africa Watch evaluates the progress made by the Liberation Front government toward a democratic system of government that respects civil and political rights. The 1990 Constitution and related legislation are the centerpiece of this transition, and represent the most wholehearted attempt to build an institutional and legal framework to guarantee respect for human rights so far attempted in the history of Mozambique. Major concerns remain, however, relating to the ability of the government to implement the promised changes.
Mozambique A Dream Undone
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Author : Bertil Egerö
language : en
Publisher: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet
Release Date : 1987
Mozambique A Dream Undone written by Bertil Egerö and has been published by Nordiska Afrikainstitutet this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with History categories.
Reviews the process of formation of a new state, the steps taken to create the basis for a democratic development, and the forces working for economic modernisation through centralisation and advanced technology. Centres on the conflicts between these two approaches in a poor society.
Emergency Chronicles
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Author : Gyan Prakash
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2019-03-26
Emergency Chronicles written by Gyan Prakash and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-26 with History categories.
The gripping story of an explosive turning point in the history of modern India On the night of June 25, 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India, suspending constitutional rights and rounding up her political opponents in midnight raids across the country. In the twenty-one harrowing months that followed, her regime unleashed a brutal campaign of coercion and intimidation, arresting and torturing people by the tens of thousands, razing slums, and imposing compulsory sterilization on the poor. Emergency Chronicles provides the first comprehensive account of this understudied episode in India’s modern history. Gyan Prakash strips away the comfortable myth that the Emergency was an isolated event brought on solely by Gandhi’s desire to cling to power, arguing that it was as much the product of Indian democracy’s troubled relationship with popular politics. Drawing on archival records, private papers and letters, published sources, film and literary materials, and interviews with victims and perpetrators, Prakash traces the Emergency’s origins to the moment of India’s independence in 1947, revealing how the unfulfilled promise of democratic transformation upset the fine balance between state power and civil rights. He vividly depicts the unfolding of a political crisis that culminated in widespread popular unrest, which Gandhi sought to crush by paradoxically using the law to suspend lawful rights. Her failure to preserve the existing political order had lasting and unforeseen repercussions, opening the door for caste politics and Hindu nationalism. Placing the Emergency within the broader global history of democracy, this gripping book offers invaluable lessons for us today as the world once again confronts the dangers of rising authoritarianism and populist nationalism.