Initiation And Control Of Gait From First Principles A Mathematically Animated Model Of The Foot
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Initiation And Control Of Gait From First Principles A Mathematically Animated Model Of The Foot
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Author : Craig Nevin
language : en
Publisher: Universal-Publishers
Release Date : 2010-05-21
Initiation And Control Of Gait From First Principles A Mathematically Animated Model Of The Foot written by Craig Nevin and has been published by Universal-Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-05-21 with categories.
This thesis examines the anatomical locations of the dynamic pressures that create the first five footprints when a standing person starts to walk. It is hypothesized that the primary activity starts with the dorsiflexion or lifting of the great toe. Consequently, the metatarsophalangeal region of the forefoot was studied from three directions. Viewed side-on, the great toe free-body is found from a detailed post hoc analysis of previous kinematic data obtained from cadavers to operate as a cam. The cam model also follows closely from Aristotle's ancient description of the hinged instrument of animate motion. Viewed in coronal cross-section, the first metatarsal torsion strength was estimated in 13 humans, 1 gorilla, 3 chimpanzees, 1 orangutan and 1 baboon set of dry-bone specimens of the hands and feet. The first metatarsal bone alone contributes 43% of the total strength of all the metatarsal bones. A result unique amongst the hominids and apes studied. Viewed in horizontal plan, the dynamic components and principle axes of the footprints of 54 barefoot humans (32 male, 22 female, age 32 +-11 years) were studied whilst standing on a 0.5m pressure plate, and then immediately when walking over a 2m plate (4 sensors per cm2 sampled at 100hz). Two footprints were obtained during the initial stance posture, and the first three footprints of the initial walk. Three new principles of animate motion were deduced from the divergent results obtained from complete and dissected cadavers: The metatarsal cam (from the sagittal side view) the ground reaction torque (from the frontal coronal view) and the amputation artifact. The philosophy of experimenting on inanimate cadavers rather than living subjects was intensively researched. Instead of assuming that gait is a uniform or regular motion as is usual, the foot was analyzed rather as if it was a beam attached to the ground. Engineering equations were used to determine the flexural properties of the foot every 0.01 seconds, including the principle axes, radius of gyration and the local shear stresses on the sensors spaced 5-7mm apart. A sequence of these impressions creates a mathematically animated model of the footprint. The local force under the foot was normalized against both the total force and contact duration. The forces under the foot were each divided between 10 anatomical regions using individual masks for each foot strike. Producing a 54-subject database from which the normal behavior of the foot could be quantified. The group showed a surprisingly low right foot step-off dominance of only 54%. The combination of the radius of gyration and impulse in particular produces a succinct but powerful summary of the footprint during dynamic activity. The initial angle and magnitudes of the loads that are applied and removed demonstrates that the body first rocks onto the heels after the instruction to walk is given. The feet simultaneously invert and their arches rise off the ground as anticipated. The principle axes were then animated in a mathematical four-dimensional model. The horizontal radius of gyration is on average 5 cm during heel strike, but increases to 20 cm as the forefoot comes into contact with the ground, finally rising to 25 cm at toe-off. Significantly the applied load during the fore-foot loading phase is more widely distributed than the load being removed. A new and unanticipated result that is believed to be a special characteristic of the animate foot. The standard deviation of the force under the great toe is the first mechanical parameter to converge in the 54 subjects, conclusively verifying the hypothesis that the great toe both initiates and controls gait.
Lower Extremity Biomechanics
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Author : Stephen F. Albert, D.P.M., C.Ped., FACFAOM
language : en
Publisher: Bipedmed, LLC
Release Date : 2018
Lower Extremity Biomechanics written by Stephen F. Albert, D.P.M., C.Ped., FACFAOM and has been published by Bipedmed, LLC this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Medical categories.
Biomechanics is the study of the human body and how it behaves mechanically. This textbook is intended for all who have an interest in how our feet and legs work and particularly for those in the health care community who must remain abreast of the latest information and research. Written by leaders in the field, this books covers in detail current theoretical and applied concepts. You will find Lower Extremity Biomechanics: Theory and Practice Volume 1 a welcomed addition to your professional library.
Principles Of Animal Locomotion
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Author : R. McNeill Alexander
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2013-10-31
Principles Of Animal Locomotion written by R. McNeill Alexander and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-31 with Science categories.
How can geckoes walk on the ceiling and basilisk lizards run over water? What are the aerodynamic effects that enable small insects to fly? What are the relative merits of squids' jet-propelled swimming and fishes' tail-powered swimming? Why do horses change gait as they increase speed? What determines our own vertical leap? Recent technical advances have greatly increased researchers' ability to answer these questions with certainty and in detail. This text provides an up-to-date overview of how animals run, walk, jump, crawl, swim, soar, hover, and fly. Excluding only the tiny creatures that use cilia, it covers all animals that power their movements with muscle--from roundworms to whales, clams to elephants, and gnats to albatrosses. The introduction sets out the general rules governing all modes of animal locomotion and considers the performance criteria--such as speed, endurance, and economy--that have shaped their selection. It introduces energetics and optimality as basic principles. The text then tackles each of the major modes by which animals move on land, in water, and through air. It explains the mechanisms involved and the physical and biological forces shaping those mechanisms, paying particular attention to energy costs. Focusing on general principles but extensively discussing a wide variety of individual cases, this is a superb synthesis of current knowledge about animal locomotion. It will be enormously useful to advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and a range of professional biologists, physicists, and engineers.
Introduction To Sports Biomechanics
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Author : Roger Bartlett
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 1997
Introduction To Sports Biomechanics written by Roger Bartlett and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Biomechanics categories.
Introduction to Sports Biomechanics has been developed to introduce you to the core topics covered in the first two years of your degree. It will give you a sound grounding in both the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. Part One covers the anatomical and mechanical foundations of biomechanics and Part Two concentrates on the measuring techniques which sports biomechanists use to study the movements of the sports performer. In addition, the book is highly illustrated with line drawings and photographs which help to reinforce explanations and examples.
Fundamentals Of Biomechanics
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Author : Duane Knudson
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
Fundamentals Of Biomechanics written by Duane Knudson and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Science categories.
Fundamentals of Biomechanics introduces the exciting world of how human movement is created and how it can be improved. Teachers, coaches and physical therapists all use biomechanics to help people improve movement and decrease the risk of injury. The book presents a comprehensive review of the major concepts of biomechanics and summarizes them in nine principles of biomechanics. Fundamentals of Biomechanics concludes by showing how these principles can be used by movement professionals to improve human movement. Specific case studies are presented in physical education, coaching, strength and conditioning, and sports medicine.
Mechanics Of The Human Walking Apparatus
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Author : Wilhelm Eduard Weber
language : en
Publisher: Springer Verlag
Release Date : 1992
Mechanics Of The Human Walking Apparatus written by Wilhelm Eduard Weber and has been published by Springer Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Medical categories.
Simulating Humans
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Author : Norman I. Badler
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1993-06-17
Simulating Humans written by Norman I. Badler and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-06-17 with Computers categories.
During the past decade, high-performance computer graphics have found application in an exciting and expanding range of new domains. Among the most dramatic developments has been the incorporation of real-time interactive manipulation and display for human figures. Though actively pursued by several research groups, the problem of providing a synthetic or surrogate human for engineers and designers already familiar with computer-aided design techniques was most comprehensively solved by Norman Badler's computer graphics laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania. The breadth of that effort as well as the details of its methodology and software environment are presented in this volume. The book is intended for human factors engineers interested in understanding how a computer-graphics surrogate human can augment their analyses of designed environments. It will also inform design engineers of the state of the art in human figure modeling, and hence of the human-centered design central to the emergent concept of concurrent engineering. In fulfilling these goals, the book additionally documents for the entire computer graphics community a major research effort in the interactive control of articulated human figures.
Animals In Motion
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Author : Eadweard Muybridge
language : en
Publisher: Courier Corporation
Release Date : 1957-01-01
Animals In Motion written by Eadweard Muybridge and has been published by Courier Corporation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1957-01-01 with Photography categories.
Uses a high-speed camera to display many types of animal and bird actions
Gait Analysis In The Science Of Rehabilitation
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Author : Joel A. DeLisa
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 1998
Gait Analysis In The Science Of Rehabilitation written by Joel A. DeLisa and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Medical categories.
Instrumented gait analysis systems offer objective evaluation of the effectiveness of the various rehabilitation treatments that are aimed at improving gait disabilities. There are four sections in this report: clinical observation; review of the instrumental gait analysis systems; the value of information resulting from instrumented gait analysis from the perspective of a psychiatrist, an orthopedic surgeon, & a physical therapist; & discussion of future trends for gait laboratories. The authors are experts from multiple rehabilitation specialties to give you an understanding of how gait analysis can be used to evaluate a person's walking abilities to maximize function & maintain or improve quality of life. Illustrations.
National Live Stock Journal
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1872
National Live Stock Journal written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1872 with Livestock categories.