Inventing Atmospheric Science
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Inventing Atmospheric Science
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Author : James Rodger Fleming
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2016-02-05
Inventing Atmospheric Science written by James Rodger Fleming and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-05 with Science categories.
How scientists used transformative new technologies to understand the complexities of weather and the atmosphere, told through the intertwined careers of three key figures. “The goal of meteorology is to portray everything atmospheric, everywhere, always,” declared John Bellamy and Harry Wexler in 1960, soon after the successful launch of TIROS 1, the first weather satellite. Throughout the twentieth century, meteorological researchers have had global ambitions, incorporating technological advances into their scientific study as they worked to link theory with practice. Wireless telegraphy, radio, aviation, nuclear tracers, rockets, digital computers, and Earth-orbiting satellites opened up entirely new research horizons for meteorologists. In this book, James Fleming charts the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of atmospheric science through the lives and careers of three key figures: Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862–1951), Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898–1957), and Harry Wexler (1911–1962). In the early twentieth century, Bjerknes worked to put meteorology on solid observational and theoretical foundations. His younger colleague, the innovative and influential Rossby, built the first graduate program in meteorology (at MIT), trained aviation cadets during World War II, and was a pioneer in numerical weather prediction and atmospheric chemistry. Wexler, one of Rossby's best students, became head of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau, where he developed new technologies from radar and rockets to computers and satellites, conducted research on the Antarctic ice sheet, and established carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. He was also the first meteorologist to fly into a hurricane—an experience he chose never to repeat. Fleming maps both the ambitions of an evolving field and the constraints that checked them—war, bureaucracy, economic downturns, and, most important, the ultimate realization (prompted by the formulation of chaos theory in the 1960s by Edward Lorenz) that perfectly accurate measurements and forecasts would never be possible.
Inventing Atmospheric Science
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Author : James Rodger Fleming
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2016-02-05
Inventing Atmospheric Science written by James Rodger Fleming and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-05 with Science categories.
"This big picture history of atmospheric research examines the first six decades of the twentieth century, from the dawn of applied fluid dynamics to the emergence, by 1960, of the interdisciplinary atmospheric sciences. Using newly available archival sources, it documents the work of three interconnected generations of scientists: Vilhelm Bjerknes, Carl-Gustaf Rossby, and Harry Wexler, whose aspirations were fueled by new theoretical insights, pressing societal needs, and expanded technological capabilities. Radio, radar, aviation, nuclear tracers, digital computing, sounding rockets, and satellites provided new ways to measure and study the global atmosphere -- a huge and dauntingly complex system. Bjerknes brought us a fundamental circulation theorem and founded the Bergen school of weather forecasting; Rossby established the graduate schools of meteorology at M.I.T., Chicago, and Stockholm, which focused on upper-air dynamics and, after 1947, on atmospheric environmental issues; and Wexler brought all the new technologies into the U.S. Weather Bureau and, with his colleague Jule Charney, prepared the foundations for the emergence of the interdisciplinary atmospheric sciences. This history weaves together cold war studies, military history, the rise of government research and development, and aviation and aeronautics with a nascent global awareness. It is a fascinating history of something we all experience--the weather --told through compelling historical characters"--Provided by publisher.
Historical Perspectives On Climate Change
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Author : James Rodger Fleming
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2005-07-14
Historical Perspectives On Climate Change written by James Rodger Fleming and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-07-14 with Science categories.
This intriguing volume provides a thorough examination of the historical roots of global climate change as a field of inquiry, from the Enlightenment to the late twentieth century. Based on primary and archival sources, the book is filled with interesting perspectives on what people have understood, experienced, and feared about the climate and its changes in the past. Chapters explore climate and culture in Enlightenment thought; climate debates in early America; the development of international networks of observation; the scientific transformation of climate discourse; and early contributions to understanding terrestrial temperature changes, infrared radiation, and the carbon dioxide theory of climate. But perhaps most important, this book shows what a study of the past has to offer the interdisciplinary investigation of current environmental problems.
Weathering The Storm
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Author : James Fleming
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-03-30
Weathering The Storm written by James Fleming and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-30 with Science categories.
This book presents the memoirs of Sverre Pettersen, prominent leader in the field of meteorology. Delving through his recollections of his childhood in Norway, education and work at the famous Bergen school of Meteorology to the World War II crisis and D-Day, Petterssen uncovers the history of meteorology, documenting it from his perspective. Meteorology today is the beneficiary of his work.
The Weather Machine
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Author : Andrew Blum
language : en
Publisher: Random House
Release Date : 2019-06-27
The Weather Machine written by Andrew Blum and has been published by Random House this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-27 with Social Science categories.
‘Revelatory ... convey[s] the technical brilliance and political significance of an achievement that hides in plain sight’ Telegraph From satellites circling the Earth, to weather stations far out in the ocean, through some of the most ingenious minds and advanced algorithms at work today - In this gripping investigation, Andrew Blum takes us on a global journey. Our destination: the simulated models weather scientists have constructed of our planet, which spin faster than time, turning chaos into prediction, offering glimpses of our future with eerie precision. This collaborative invention spans the Earth and relies on continuous co-operation between all nations – a triumph of human ingenuity and diplomacy we too often shrug off as a tool for choosing the right footwear each morning. But in this new era of extreme weather, we may come to rely on its maintenance and survival for our own.
Globalizing Polar Science
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Author : R. Launius
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2010-11-22
Globalizing Polar Science written by R. Launius and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-22 with History categories.
The International Polar Years and the International Geophysical Year represented a remarkable international collaborative scientific effort that has been largely neglected by historians. This groundbreaking collection seeks to redress that neglect and illuminate critical aspects of the last 150 years of international scientific endeavour.
Make It Rain
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Author : Kristine C. Harper
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2018-06-04
Make It Rain written by Kristine C. Harper and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-04 with History categories.
Weather control. Juxtaposing those two words is enough to raise eyebrows in a world where even the best weather models still fail to nail every forecast, and when the effects of climate change on sea level height, seasonal averages of weather phenomena, and biological behavior are being watched with interest by all, regardless of political or scientific persuasion. But between the late nineteenth century—when the United States first funded an attempt to “shock” rain out of clouds—and the late 1940s, rainmaking (as it had been known) became weather control. And then things got out of control. In Make It Rain, Kristine C. Harper tells the long and somewhat ludicrous history of state-funded attempts to manage, manipulate, and deploy the weather in America. Harper shows that governments from the federal to the local became helplessly captivated by the idea that weather control could promote agriculture, health, industrial output, and economic growth at home, or even be used as a military weapon and diplomatic tool abroad. Clear fog for landing aircraft? There’s a project for that. Gentle rain for strawberries? Let’s do it! Enhanced snowpacks for hydroelectric utilities? Check. The heyday of these weather control programs came during the Cold War, as the atmosphere came to be seen as something to be defended, weaponized, and manipulated. Yet Harper demonstrates that today there are clear implications for our attempts to solve the problems of climate change.
Toxic Airs
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Author : James Rodger Fleming
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Press
Release Date : 2014-03-23
Toxic Airs written by James Rodger Fleming and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-03-23 with Science categories.
Toxic Airs brings together historians of medicine, environmental historians, historians of science and technology, and interdisciplinary scholars to address atmospheric issues on a spectrum of scales from body to place to planet. The chapters analyze airborne and atmospheric threats posed to humans, and contributors demonstrate how conceptions of toxicity have evolved and how humans have both created and mitigated toxins in the air. Specific topics discussed include medieval beliefs in the pestilent breath of witches, malarial theory in India, domestic and military use of tear gas, Gulf War Syndrome, Los Angeles smog, automotive emissions control, the epidemiological effects of air pollution, transboundary air pollution, ozone depletion, the contributions of contemporary artists to climate awareness, and the toxic history of carbon "die"-oxide. Overall, the essays provide a wide-ranging historical study of interest to students and scholars of many disciplines.
The Weather Experiment
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Author : Peter Moore
language : en
Publisher: Random House
Release Date : 2015-05-07
The Weather Experiment written by Peter Moore and has been published by Random House this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-05-07 with Nature categories.
The Sunday Times bestseller. An astonishing account of the sailors, scientists and inventors who sought to understand the weather. **Book of the Week on Radio 4** 'Gripping' The Times 'Exhilarating' Sunday Times In an age when a storm was evidence of God’s wrath, pioneering meteorologists had to fight against convention and religious dogma to realise their ambitions. But buoyed by the achievements of the Enlightenment, a generation of mavericks set out to unlock the secrets of the atmosphere. Meet Luke Howard, the first to classify the clouds, Francis Beaufort, quantifier of the winds, James Glaisher, explorer of the upper atmosphere by way of a hot air balloon, Samuel Morse, whose electric telegraph gave scientists the means by which to transmit weather warnings, and at the centre of it all Admiral Robert FitzRoy: master sailor, scientific pioneer and founder of the Met Office. Peter Moore’s exhilarating account navigates treacherous seas, rough winds and uncovers the obsession that drove these men to great invention and greater understanding.
Imperial Weather
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Author : Fiona Williamson
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Press
Release Date : 2025-04-29
Imperial Weather written by Fiona Williamson and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-04-29 with Science categories.
Tropical weather in colonial Malaya presented an unknown atmosphere that manifested in extremes and uncertainties. From 1840 to 1940, the Indigenous landscapes of Singapore and Penang Islands were altered in ways that will never be reclaimed, the natural ecology of much of the peninsula forever changed by the British colonial government. With this book, Fiona Williamson revisits the fraught relationship between climate, weather science, and empire within the Straits Settlements in the long nineteenth century. Her book examines official and scientific responses to local weathers within the multicultural ports and peripheries of Singapore and George Town, Malaysia. The challenges of creating a livable environment in tropical conditions, she explains, frequently pushed the colonial government beyond its capacities, and solutions often came at the expense of nature, which, ironically, made managing the weather more problematic. Imperial Weather offers a deep exploration of various official attempts to understand and apply structure to the previously unknown or uncontrollable through knowledge gathering, institutionalization, and technological and infrastructural change. Drawing from the history of science—especially the history of meteorology—and environmental history, it explores the multiple interests, capacities, and capabilities at play, including the state of scientific knowledge and the economy, funding, and importantly, socioenvironmental needs and practicalities.