Invertebrate Cytokines And The Phylogeny Of Immunity
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Invertebrate Cytokines And The Phylogeny Of Immunity
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Author : Alain Beschin
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Invertebrate Cytokines And The Phylogeny Of Immunity written by Alain Beschin and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Based on the assumption that invertebrates as well as vertebrates possess factors regulating hematopoiesis, response to infection or wounding, studies dealing with the evolution of immunity have focused on the isolation and characterization of putative cytokine-related molecules from invertebrates. Until recently, most of our knowledge of cytokine- and cytokine receptor-like molecules in invertebrates has relied on functional assays and similarities at the physicochemical level. As such, a phylogenetic relationship between invertebrate cytokine-like molecules and invertebrate counterparts could not be convincingly demonstrated. In the present book, recent studies demonstrating cytokine-like activities and related signaling pathways in invertebrates are critically reviewed, focusing on findings from molecular biology and taking advantage of the completion of the genome from the fly Drosophila and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans.
Phylogenetic Perspectives On The Vertebrate Immune System
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Author : Gregory Becker
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Phylogenetic Perspectives On The Vertebrate Immune System written by Gregory Becker and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
This book contains the proceedings of the first meeting on invertebrate immunity ever sponsored as a summer research conference by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). The conference was held in Copper Mountain, CO from July 11-16, 1999. It was a an extension of a New York Academy of Sciences meeting entitled "Primordial Immunity: Foundations for the Vertebrate Immune System" held on May 2-5,1993 at the Marine Biological Laboratories in Woods Hole, MA. The proceedings of that meeting were published in The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (volume 712). At that meeting all the attendes agreed that this type of conference (a relatively small focused gathering) allowed for participation by investigators at all levels of their careers. We further agreed that we should search for a forum that would allow this meeting to continue. The FASEB Summer Research Conference was an excellent vehicle for this type of meeting. Furthermore, this year's participants decided to continue this meeting as a regularly scheduled FASEB sponsored event. This was a unique conference in the sense that it focused upon mechanisms of development and defense in protostome and deuterostome invertebrates and lower vertebrates. There was a strong emphasis on evolutionary cell biology, phylogenetic inferences and the evolution of recognition and regulatory systems.
Immunology Of Annelids
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Author : Martin Bilej
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1993-12-16
Immunology Of Annelids written by Martin Bilej and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993-12-16 with Medical categories.
Immunology of Annelids provides a state-of-the-art review of the biological and biochemical processes involved in defense reactions of annelids. The book covers phylogeny, taxonomy, and fundamental body structure to provide basic information essential to developing a full understanding of the defense system of an organism. Physiological aspects of the relationship between the immune systems and cells and their limitations are discussed in detail, and the role of cells in cellular defense, transplantation, and humoral defenses is explained. The importance of annelids and their defense reaction from the phylogenetic standpoint is examined in a chapter comparing vertebrate and invertebrate defense strategies. Immunology of Annelids is a practical reference for cell biologists, immunologists, evolutionary and developmental biologists, and other researchers who need insight into the development and hierarchy of immune reactions.
Evolution Of Immune Reactions
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Author : Petr Sima
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1990-08-27
Evolution Of Immune Reactions written by Petr Sima and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1990-08-27 with Medical categories.
This book on phylogeny and immunity reconstructs the history and evolutionary pathways of immunity among the various forms of life. The authors argue that the immunity could have evolved different adequately successful patterns in the animal sub-regnum which are strictly determined by the morpho-physiological possibilities of the animals. They state that the vertebrate type of immunity evolved only in the chordate branch. The publication devotes special attention to the arthropods and molluscs, as they have attracted more investigative efforts than any other invertebrate taxa. The authors selected Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes from the vertebrate taxa in order to show where and how the morphofunctional basis of the truly adapative immunity of the endothermic tetrapods gradually evolved. Each chapter gives the description of the origin and interrelationships of the representatives of the taxon in question. Also given are the main biological, morphological, non-morphological and immune attributes. Emphasized throughout the book is the central idea that immunological reactions are a part of the overall biological phenomena and should be studied only from this aspect. The authors express that the fields of comparative and evolutionary immunology will provide inspiration for further investigations in biomedicine in the near future.
Origin And Evolution Of The Vertebrate Immune System
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Author : L. Du Pasquier
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2000-02-14
Origin And Evolution Of The Vertebrate Immune System written by L. Du Pasquier and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-02-14 with Medical categories.
The comparative approach to immunology can be traced to the era of Pasteur and Metchnikov in which observations regarding foreign recognition in invertebrates was a factor in the develop ment of the principal concepts that created the foundation of what now is the broad field of immunology. With each major experimental and conceptual breakthrough, the classical, albeit essential, question has been asked "are the immune systems of phylogenetically primitive vertebrates and invertebrates similar to that of mammals?" Somewhat surprisingly for the jawed verte brates, the general answer has been a qualified form of "yes", whereas for agnathans and invertebrate phyla it has been "no" so far. The apparent abruptness in the appearance of the immune system of vertebrates is linked to the introduction of the somatic generation of the diversity of its antigen specific receptors. Therefore the questions regarding the origin and evolution of the specific immune system revolve around this phenomenon. With respect to the origin of the system (aside from the or igin of the rearranging machinery itself, the study of which is still in its infancy) one can ask questions about the cellular and mo lecular contexts in which the mechanism was introduced.
Changing Views Of The Evolution Of Immunity
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Author : Gary W. Litman
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-01-22
Changing Views Of The Evolution Of Immunity written by Gary W. Litman and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-01-22 with categories.
The multitude of cells, signaling pathways, receptors, novel genetic recombination mechanisms and interactive pathways of receptor function and cell differentiation that constitute the vertebrate adaptive immune system are integrally linked with the multicomponent innate immune system. At first glance, the levels of complexity seen in both systems at the phylogenetic level of mammals present what seem to be insurmountable hurdles in terms of achieving a systematic understanding of the evolution of immunity. New research directions and approaches suggest that resolution of many long-standing questions in this area is now possible. Historically, immunologists considered lower vertebrates and invertebrates as “simpler” forms, i.e., they were expected to possess more basic (less layered) levels of immunological complexity and thus potentially would serve as important resources. By considering the systematic placement of representative species in the context of phylogeny, characterizing their immune receptors, co-receptors as well as accessory molecules and evaluating responses to immunologic stimuli, it was thought that a clearer picture of immune evolution would emerge. There is no doubt that this approach has achieved some notable successes but for the most part it has fallen short in terms of achieving a broad understanding of the immunologic needs of many relevant models and how adaptive change in immune function is effected. Even if a structurally relevant ortholog of an immune effector is identified in a model organism, there is no reason to assume that it functions in a corresponding manner in disparate phylogenetic taxa. For example, survival of a sessile marine invertebrate, whose anatomical form puts it in open and contiguous contact with a literal sea of microorganisms and viruses, would be thought to depend, at least in part, on a “capable” immune response; however, at present, we have no real understanding of how this is achieved in an integrated manner. Furthermore, questions arise as to whether or not phenomena that are considered integral components of vertebrate-type immunity such as memory, tolerance, somatic change and clonal selection exist in invertebrates and if their functions parallel those recognized in mammals. More often than not, our interpretations are guided by preconceived notions that are based on observations made in distant species that often do not apply to far- removed taxa. We anticipate that major advances in our understanding of this broad subject are now forthcoming as resources exist or are being developed for examining important model organisms in their natural environments instead of within the confines of in vitro systems of potentially remote physiological significance. Taking a wide range of hypotheses, observations and interpretations into account, in this special topic, contributors have developed a comprehensive overview emphasizing new directions and interpretations for understanding basic aspects of immunity that consider unique features inherent to various model systems, their life histories and habitats. Approaches applied with key model organisms maintained and confronted with relevant challenges under natural conditions are emphasized. Current concepts of self and nonself are addressed not only in terms of immunity but also reproductive fitness. How genetic variation in immune effector molecules is achieved and maintained in natural populations is examined; particular attention is directed to response interfaces that factor in symbiotic interactions. Gene expansion and mechanisms of genetic diversification are explored. How diverse molecules and a variety of effector cells contribute to our broad understanding of the evolution of a remarkably complex, integrated system and how this work is facilitating our understanding of mammalian immunity is addressed.
Immunity In Evolution
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Author : John J. Marchalonis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1977
Immunity In Evolution written by John J. Marchalonis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1977 with Science categories.
Immunologic Phylogeny
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Author : W. Hildemann
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1975-12
Immunologic Phylogeny written by W. Hildemann and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975-12 with Medical categories.
However, earlier manifestations of immunoreactivity (e.g., mitogen and allogeneic responsiveness, transplantation immunity, tumor immunity) seem to have been retained during progressive evolution and diversification of immunocyte functions. Although the generalization that invertebrates lack specific immunologic capability must now be rejected, assumption of a continuous phylogenetic progression in immune mechanisms extending from primitive invertebrates to advanced vertebrates is surely debatable. Many information gaps remain at all levels of phylogeny! The immunologic phylogenist or phylogenetic immunologist in 1975 retains two unusual joys as a biological scientist. First is the realization that many orders, classes, and even whole phyla of animals have yet to be studied in any detail by anyone. In other words, it is not too late to become a "founding father" - to put forward and test quite new hypotheses.
Invertebrate Immune Responses
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Author : E.L. Cooper
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Invertebrate Immune Responses written by E.L. Cooper and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Medical categories.
E. L. Cooper In Volume 23 we considered, in seven chapters, the basic armamentarium of the invertebrate immune system and its cells, as well as an analysis of antigens, setting the stage for the initiation of an immune response. We studied cell products, natural or induced, as revealed by nonspecific and specific responses following antigenic challenge such as the pro phenol oxidase system, the lytic responses, the Ig superfamily, and the place this family offers invertebrates and insect hemolymph proteins as candidates for membership. At this point, these various topics seemed to converge, almost to overlap, in some instances, presenting a challenge as to how to move from one subject to another. Chapter 1, in this volume offers the bridge to Volume 23 and its final Chapter 7. This Volume 24 contains contributions pertaining to cell activities and the environment. Chapters 1-4 refer specifically to interactions between cells and the integration of cell activities. The focus is on a functional immune system, with antigenic challenge as a subtopic. In Chapters 5-7, the environment is considered from several points of view and the main subtopic here is the result of the consequences of connections and missed signals. The internal and external environments are treated, revealing what may happen when normal immune responses are interfered with. All this is integrated by the consideration of the three great regulatory systems, the ever-present network that somehow acts as the monitor or control for all incoming and outgoing signals.
Women In Cytokines And Soluble Mediators In Immunity
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Author : Diana Boraschi
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2024-02-13
Women In Cytokines And Soluble Mediators In Immunity written by Diana Boraschi and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-02-13 with Medical categories.
We are delighted to present the inaugural Frontiers in Immunology “Women in Cytokines and Soluble Mediators in Immunity” series of article collections. At present, less than 30% of researchers worldwide are women. Long-standing biases and gender stereotypes are discouraging girls and women away from science-related fields, and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) research in particular. Science and gender equality are, however, essential to ensure sustainable development as highlighted by UNESCO. In order to change traditional mindsets, gender equality must be promoted, stereotypes defeated, and girls and women should be encouraged to pursue STEM careers.
