Investigating Vaccine Preventable Diseases And Outbreaks In Australia
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Investigating Vaccine Preventable Diseases And Outbreaks In Australia
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Author : Alexis Pillsbury
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Investigating Vaccine Preventable Diseases And Outbreaks In Australia written by Alexis Pillsbury and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Communicable diseases categories.
Despite having a well-established and successful National Immunisation Program (NIP), vaccine preventable diseases continue to affect communities and result in large outbreaks in Australia. Because of the dynamic nature of vaccine preventable diseases, surveillance and monitoring of epidemiological trends are necessary for informing appropriate policy development and vaccine delivery. In this thesis, I present selected works under the theme of the epidemiology of vaccine preventable diseases which I conducted while placed at the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) from March 2012-2014 as a Master of Philosophy Applied Epidemiology (MAE) Scholar. The works presented comprise my MAE requirements, of which a core component is to investigate an outbreak. My first outbreak investigation was a foodborne outbreak of staphylococcal gastroenteritis at an elite athletic event, where fried rice and chicken were suspected as the cause. The remainder of my MAE work related to vaccine preventable diseases and I participated in the public health response to a state-wide outbreak of measles, including a specific investigation to determine the source of infection for a cluster of four cases infected in a paediatric hospital Emergency Department (ED). I developed an algorithm for this contact tracing investigation, although the source of infection was never identified. Measles was also the subject of my applied epidemiological project, where I considered characteristics of measles in the post-elimination era with an emphasis on the role of healthcare setting transmissions in perpetuating outbreaks. In the 2012 outbreak, 16 individuals infected with measles transmitted the illness to 36 others in EDs and General Practice (GP) clinics. In addition, I examined the vaccine effectiveness of the measles vaccine that may allow outbreaks to persist in a setting of high vaccine coverage. I analysed pertussis trends in Australia from 2006-2012, which revealed that the average annual notification rate was more than 2.8 times that of the previous decade with a significant change in the pattern of age-specific incidence. The steepest increases in notification rates were among children less than 10 years, especially those 2-4 years and 6-9 years of age. Reasons for this shift include increased diagnostic testing and more rapid waning of effectiveness post vaccination with acellular vaccines compared to whole cell vaccines used in previous decades. The shift was exacerbated by cessation of the 18 month dose in the National Immunisation Program (NIP) from 2003. Lastly, I evaluated Australia's post-marketing surveillance for intussusception following the introduction of the rotavirus vaccines in 2007. The evaluation found that despite not having planned surveillance, Australian systems evolved to include several surveillance components that were more effective than the nation's passive adverse event following immunisation (AEFI) surveillance system at detecting cases and assessing causality. The work in this thesis contributed to the work of NCIRS and improves our understanding of the epidemiology of vaccine preventable diseases in Australia.
Applied Epidemiology Of Vaccine Preventable Diseases And Outbreaks In New South Wales
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Author : Craig Thompson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Applied Epidemiology Of Vaccine Preventable Diseases And Outbreaks In New South Wales written by Craig Thompson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
The National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) is located within the Kids Research Institute (KRI) at Westmead Children's Hospital. It is somewhat hidden away from the children's hospital, and no easier to navigate internally once you find the building on your first day. During my two years there, I was part of the Coverage, Evaluation and Surveillance (CES) Program Stream, which met monthly to discuss achievements and deliverables of the group. As an active member, I was encouraged to keep the group up to date on my progress throughout my MAE journey. The Western Sydney Public Health Unit (WSPHU) is located at Cumberland Hospital adjacent to Westmead Children's Hospital. I spent two weeks at the PHU, observing and assisting wherever possible. I helped with a measles outbreak, including contract tracing, interviewing people, maintaining clinical line lists, informing high-risk people of a measles-clinic and assisting medical staff during the running of the measles-clinic. During this emergency response, all high-risk people (including pregnant mothers and newborn babies) were contacted and provided with appropriate prophylaxis to prevent illness. During my time there, I was also very fortunate to lead a Salmonella outbreak investigation (Chapter 3). The Communicable Diseases Branch (CDB) is located in the Ministry of Health building in North Sydney. I spent almost four months there conducting the epidemiological investigation (Chapter 4). During my time at the CDB, I attended staff meetings, afternoon debriefs, surveillance meetings and an in-house emergency response workshop. I was also very fortunate to be funded to attend the OzFoodNet whole genome workshop in Melbourne. I also assisted with two Legionella outbreaks, where I helped to maintain line-lists and the Sit-Rep, and attended the afternoon meetings, where I was asked to take, transcribe and distribute minutes of meeting from time to time. I truly enjoyed my experience at the CDB, NSW Health. 1.2 Summary of my public health experience 1.2.1 Analysis of a public health dataset (Chapter 2) In November 2005, hepatitis A vaccine was funded under the Australian National Immunisation Program for Indigenous children aged 12-24 months in the targeted jurisdictions of Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. I reviewed the epidemiology of hepatitis A from 2000-2014 using data from the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, the National Hospital Morbidity Database, and Australian Bureau of Statistics causes-of-death data. Overall, the national hepatitis A immunisation program has had a significant impact in the targeted population with relatively modest vaccine coverage, with evidence of substantial herd protection effects. 1.2.2 Outbreak Investigation (Chapter 3) During May 2015, an increase in Salmonella Agona cases was reported from western Sydney, Australia. I present the public health actions used to investigate and control this increase. A descriptive case-series investigation was conducted. Six outbreak cases were identified; all had consumed cooked tuna sushi rolls purchased within a western Sydney shopping complex. Onset of illness for outbreak cases occurred between 7 April and 24 May 2015. Salmonella was isolated from food samples collected from the implicated premise and a prohibition order issued. No further cases were identified following this action. In addition, this outbreak investigation also demonstrated genomics-enhanced public health action, where whole genome sequencing significantly enhanced the resolution of the epidemiological investigation. 1.2.3 Epidemiological investigation (Chapter 4) Among adults, pneumococcal pneumonia causes significant mortality and morbidity. While the funding of polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines have reduced the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in older people, uncertainty remains regarding their effectiveness against reducing the hospitalisation rate due to community acquired pneumonia. In this study I use linked-data to document that approximately one in seven hospital admissions coded for pneumococcal pneumonia in older people of NSW were due to invasive pneumococcal disease. The remaining six hospital admissions were presumptive non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia cases. I also documented significant declines in the rate and severity of hospitalisations over time due to presumptive non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine that was used for adults has not been consistently shown to be effective against non-invasive pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalisations, while the conjugate vaccine used in the children program has provided substantial indirect protection against IPD to adults. The results presented here could impact on cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccine programs in Australia. 1.2.4 Evaluation of a surveillance system (Chapter 5) The AusVaxSafety enhanced active surveillance system was established in 2014 and has two main functions. Firstly, to gather near real-time data of AEFI following seasonal influenza vaccination of children aged between six months and five; secondly, to collate, interpret and disseminate these results in near real-time to stakeholders and the public. AusVaxSafety was evaluated to assess the usefulness of the information collected; identify strengths and limitations; and provide feedback to stakeholders regarding recommendations to the system. During the 2015 influenza season, the AusVaxSafety successfully demonstrated, in real-time, that influenza vaccines registered for used in children aged six months to five years were safe, well tolerated, and that the AEFIs experienced were within expected ranges.
Vaccine Preventable Diseases
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Author : May Chiew
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Vaccine Preventable Diseases written by May Chiew and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Vaccination is one of the most significant public health interventions in history. In this thesis, I present work conducted as an Master of Applied Epidemiology (MAE) Scholar whilst placed at the National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) in 2012-2013. During my placement, I was involved in examining the epidemiology of a number of vaccine preventable diseases and also adverse events following immunisation (AEFI). A key requirement of the MAE is the analysis of a public health dataset; of which I present two analyses. Firstly, the impact of the human papillomavirus vaccine on high grade cervical abnormalities (HGAs) in Australia using screening data; the analysis found a significant reduction in HGAs in females under 20 years post-vaccine compared to the pre-vaccine era, suggesting that the vaccine may have contributed to the decline in HGAs.Secondly, the epi-review on passive AEFI surveillance in children less than 18 years of age in 2000-2011 highlighted major events that occurred during this period. I also present two projects conducted as part of the measles outbreak in New South Wales (NSW) during 2012. The first was using a non-validated algorithm to identify an index case following four measles notifications that were linked by time and place to a paediatric hospital. The algorithm was unsuccessful in identifying an index case, however, may serve as a model that can be adapted and possibly validated for use in similar investigations in the future. The second was examining the epidemiology of healthcare transmissions during the outbreak. This study identified the importance of raising awareness of measles among clinicians during outbreaks and that measles control strategies may need a more targeted approach, particularly with limited resources. As part of my epidemiological study, I conducted an epi-review of measles in Australia. Since 1993, there was a considerable decline in measles notifications and hospitalisations; however; between 2000 and 2011, notifications have fluctuated with a notable increase in 2011. National notification data (2009-2011) were also used to estimate the reproduction number (R) for measles. The three methods to estimate R were below one for all years suggesting that measles elimination had been sustained in Australia. I also calculated a measles discard rate in NSW; an indicator of high quality surveillance. This study further supported sustained measles elimination achieving the minimum standard of more than 2 non-measles cases per 100,000 population suggesting that in NSW, endemic measles would be detected if wild virus was re-established. I also present another MAE requirement, evaluating the passive surveillance system for varicella-zoster virus nationally, as part of the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. I found that the sensitivity of the system in detecting the incidence of disease was poor; however, it was sensitive in detecting disease trends when compared to other data sources. Additionally, more consistency in reporting by jurisdictions is necessary to improve the validity of the data. This thesis provides documentation of my MAE activities at NCIRS and includes how these activities have contributed to public health in Australia.
Investigation And Surveillance Of Infectious Diseases
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Author : Anna-Jane Glynn-Robinson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Investigation And Surveillance Of Infectious Diseases written by Anna-Jane Glynn-Robinson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
In this thesis, I present selected works I conducted in my Master of Philosophy Applied Epidemiology (MAE) placement at the Vaccine Preventable Disease Surveillance (VPDS) Section of the Office of Health Protection (OHP), at the Australian Government Department of Health from March 2013 to November 2014. The works presented comprise my MAE requirements and describe my experiences as an MAE. I discuss my role in the day-the-day activities of the VPDS section, including the surveillance of notifiable diseases, being the secretariat for the rotavirus working group, writing annual reports and editing Communicable Disease Intelligence Journal submissions. I also describe my role as a Watch Officer for the National Incident Room within the OHP. I investigated a foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis at a Mother's Day buffet luncheon in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), where curried prawns and Caesar salad were the suspected cause of the outbreak. The investigation was unable to determine the aetiological cause of illness but highlighted the risk often associated with serving buffet style meals. I present two epidemiological studies. The first is an analysis of notified Legionella infections from 2001 and 2012. Describing the epidemiology of legionellosis in Australia, the analysis found rates of infection are low and more likely to affect males and vulnerable populations such as the elderly. Comparing these results to a previous review of legionellosis in Australia (1991-2000), we found age, sex and season of infection were consistent, but notification rates were stable and higher compared with rates from 1991 to 2000, and Legionella longbeachae was notified more than Legionella pneumophila. I presented the findings of my analysis in an oral presentation at the 2014 Public Health Association of Australia 43rd Annual Conference in Perth. The second epidemiological project I undertook examined why Indigenous status was underreported in National Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Register (NHVPR). Analysing female vaccination records from 2007 to 2012, we identified 46% were missing Indigenous status. We reviewed the literature, examined register data and consulted with jurisdictional health departments to identify what barriers exist that potentially prevent the reporting of Indigenous status to the NHVPR. I evaluated the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) as a surveillance system for influenza. The evaluation found that the NNDSS is an acceptable, simple and useable system that provides high quality data for the national surveillance of laboratory-confirmed influenza. However, improvements in the systems flexibility and sensitivity would ensure higher quality surveillance data continues to be available. Lastly, to fulfil my teaching requirements I prepared a 'Lessons From the Field' case study on how to work with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander data and conducted a teaching session on measurement and information biases as part of a half day training session undertaken for the MAE cohort of 2014. This thesis describes my experiences in my MAE placement, the fulfilment of requirements and the findings of my investigations. The work presented in this thesis contributes to the work of VPDS section by improving our understanding of communicable disease surveillance in Australia.
Investigating Diseases Of Public Health Importance Victoria Australia
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Author : Courtney Renee Lane
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Investigating Diseases Of Public Health Importance Victoria Australia written by Courtney Renee Lane and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
In this thesis, I present the projects and activities I have undertaken as a Master of Philosophy in Applied Epidemiology (MAE) Scholar in Victoria. Between February 2013 and December 2014, I was placed with Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance at the Victorian Department of Health and the Epidemiology Unit at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL). Through these placements I experienced the day-to-day activities of a public health unit, as well as the applied public health research environment provided in a reference laboratory setting. During my MAE I analysed data to examine the relationships between antimicrobial resistance patterns in Shigella isolates and risk factors for shigellosis. I have found that location of travel is a possible marker of antimicrobial resistance patterns in shigellosis cases and found significantly elevated levels of ciprofloxacin resistance amongst travellers returning from India and their contacts. This project also highlights the prominence of periodic outbreaks amongst men who have sex with men (MSM) in driving shigellosis case numbers in Victoria and indicates a reconsideration of Australian treatment guidelines for shigellosis may be needed. As a result of this project, I also communicated with selected general practitioners and the community to increase awareness of an outbreak of shigellosis amongst MSM in 2014. My epidemiological project examined the effects of restriction criteria and covariate inclusion in the case-test negative design to estimate seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). Using six years of data from the Victorian General Practice Sentinel Surveillance System I defined an optimum logistical regression model for this new, but growing, method of analysing sentinel influenza surveillance data to provide rapid annual estimates of influenza VE. I also report supporting evidence that repeated seasonal influenza vaccination in both the current and previous year may be less effective at preventing influenza than vaccination in only the current season. I report on two outbreak investigations. The first was a cohort investigation into an outbreak of gastroenteritis of unknown aetiology following a catered lunch. Attendees at the lunch were divided into three groups representing a standard meal in low, middle and high-income countries. I believe the source of illness to be a dahl curry served as part of the low-income country meal and stored in a hot box prior to serving. We have communicated potential improvements in food safety practices the to prevent further outbreaks. The second outbreak is a descriptive investigation of a Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 64 cluster identified in Victoria in 2013. I evaluated national hepatitis A surveillance in Australia, focused on detection of common-source multi-jurisdictional outbreaks. I consider the potential to enhance surveillance using nationally collated genotyping, sequencing and standardised exposure data. Finally, I present two teaching activities conducted during my MAE; a teaching session on selection bias and a lesson from the field introducing directed acyclic graphs I prepared for my fellow MAE2013 cohort. This thesis provides an account of my MAE experience, fulfils the requirements of the program and outlines the contribution my work has made to public health in Victoria.
Applied Epidemiology Of Vaccine Preventable Diseases In The Asia Pacific
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Author : Jana Yun Reng Lai
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Applied Epidemiology Of Vaccine Preventable Diseases In The Asia Pacific written by Jana Yun Reng Lai and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
From 2015-2016 I undertook the Master of Philosophy in Applied Epidemiology (MAE) whilst under the employment of the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute (MCRI) in Melbourne as a research officer for a study based in the People's Democratic Republic of Laos (Lao PDR). To satisfy the requirements of the MAE, I completed projects in the areas of data analysis, public health surveillance, epidemiological research and outbreak investigation. The work I was employed for with MCRI formed the basis of my data analysis competency. The aim of this project was to determine the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage required to achieve herd immunity using pneumococcal carriage surveillance at Mahosot Hospital in Lao PDR. Beyond the analysis of these data, I was responsible for overseeing and coordinating the larger body of work for this project based in Lao PDR. This work is ongoing and a final publication will be published later in 2017. With guidance from my field supervisor, I was responsible for establishing the epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in Kiribati pre- and post-rotavirus (RV) vaccine introduction. As part of this review, I established post-marketing surveillance of intussusception (IS) as part of RV vaccine introduction. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the surveillance of IS post-RV vaccine introduction due to experiences with a previous formulation of the vaccine. This evaluation is ongoing and will be completed in 2017. In response to vaccine preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks in Lao PDR, the Ministry of Health, National Immunization Programme (NIP) requested information regarding evidence of serological protection of H. influenzae type b (Hib) in their population. This study was the basis of my epidemiological research for the MAE. The results from this study would provide data on Hib protection in their population to help inform NIP if changes to their current schedule were necessary. For my outbreak investigation competency, I was involved with the team at WHO Lao PDR country office in responding to a circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 1 (cVDPV1) outbreak in Lao PDR from October 2015 to mid-2017. As part of this work I will contribute to the outbreak investigation section of the larger WHO report to be submitted to NIP. This thesis presents my experience as a MAE scholar; the skills gained, knowledge learnt and the impact this body of work had on public health in the Asia-Pacific region for VPD. Keywords: Vaccine-preventable disease, Laos PDR, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Kiribati, intussusception, rotavirus vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b, vaccination evidence, serology, poliovirus, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.
Oxford Textbook Of Global Public Health
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Author : Roger Detels
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017
Oxford Textbook Of Global Public Health written by Roger Detels and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Medical categories.
Sixth edition of the hugely successful, internationally recognised textbook on global public health and epidemiology, with 3 volumes comprehensively covering the scope, methods, and practice of the discipline
Disease Control Priorities In Developing Countries
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Author : Dean T. Jamison
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2006-04-02
Disease Control Priorities In Developing Countries written by Dean T. Jamison and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-04-02 with Medical categories.
Based on careful analysis of burden of disease and the costs ofinterventions, this second edition of 'Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition' highlights achievable priorities; measures progresstoward providing efficient, equitable care; promotes cost-effectiveinterventions to targeted populations; and encourages integrated effortsto optimize health. Nearly 500 experts - scientists, epidemiologists, health economists,academicians, and public health practitioners - from around the worldcontributed to the data sources and methodologies, and identifiedchallenges and priorities, resulting in this integrated, comprehensivereference volume on the state of health in developing countries.
Caring For People Who Sniff Petrol Or Other Volatile Substances
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Author : National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Caring For People Who Sniff Petrol Or Other Volatile Substances written by National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Aboriginal Australians categories.
These guidelines provide recommendations that outline the critical aspects of infection prevention and control. The recommendations were developed using the best available evidence and consensus methods by the Infection Control Steering Committee. They have been prioritised as key areas to prevent and control infection in a healthcare facility. It is recognised that the level of risk may differ according to the different types of facility and therefore some recommendations should be justified by risk assessment. When implementing these recommendations all healthcare facilities need to consider the risk of transmission of infection and implement according to their specific setting and circumstances.
Health In Humanitarian Emergencies
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Author : David Townes
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2018-05-31
Health In Humanitarian Emergencies written by David Townes and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-31 with Medical categories.
A comprehensive, best practices resource for public health and healthcare practitioners and students interested in humanitarian emergencies.