Investigation Of Immune Function In Naval Marine Mammals
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Investigation Of Immune Function In Naval Marine Mammals
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000
Investigation Of Immune Function In Naval Marine Mammals written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with categories.
Marine mammals are used and maintained by the US Navy for military operations and research and development. Health maintenance is critical for optimal performance. However, very little is known about the immune system of marine mammals, especially the total aquatic cetaceans (dolphins, whales, and porpoises). This is due in part to obtaining access to animals and tissue samples as well as the lack of cetacean-specific reagents to carry out investigations of the immune system. To this end, we have cloned the gene for whale CD4, a cell surface protein present on T helper lymphocytes and important for the immune response. Whale CD4 shares 64% and 51% identity with the human and mouse protein. It contains unique amino acid substitutions in the highly conserved cytoplasmic domain, contains 7 potential N-linked glycosylation sites, and lacks the cysteine pair in the V2 domain. Bacterial and baculovirus expression systems were used to produce whale CD4 for subsequent injection into mice and/or rabbits for antibody production. Polyclonal antibodies have been used in Western blot analysis and hybridoma supernatants are currently being screened by flow cytometry. The whale-specific CD4 reagents we have generated will be used in health monitoring of Navy dolphins.
Investigation Of Immnune Function In Naval Marine Mammals
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Author : Tracy Romano
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Investigation Of Immnune Function In Naval Marine Mammals written by Tracy Romano and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Tremendous progress has been made over the past year in the development of cetacean-specific reagents to investigate immune function in Navy marine mammals. We have focused most of our efforts in studying and developing molecular reagents and antibodies to cD4, a cell surface recognition molecule present on T helper lymphocyte that is critical for the immune response. Previously, we cloned cetacean cD4 from a beluga cDNA library using the polymerase chain reaction and cDNA library screening techniques. To generate antibodies against cetacean CD4, we synthesized peptides to different regions of the molecule and expressed the CD4 protein in a bacteria expression vector, and subsequently, injected coupled peptides or the purified cD4 protein into rabbits. Both sets of antibodies were affinity purified, and characterized by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry. These antibodies recognized beluga and bottlenose dolphin lymphocyte lysates by Western blot analysis, but did not recognize the native form of the cD4 protein on the cell surface by flow cytometry. Immunofluorescence on tissue sections is currently being tested with these antibodies. In addition we have generated and purified antibodies to a variant form of cD4 we found in beluga when cloning the full-length cD4. The significance of this potential splice variant of CD4 in the beluga is currently being investigated with the antibodies we have generated.
Comparative Immunology Of Marine Mammals
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Author : Giovanni Di Guardo
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2019-11-21
Comparative Immunology Of Marine Mammals written by Giovanni Di Guardo and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-21 with categories.
Marine mammals (MMs) are regarded as valuable bioindicators with tremendous potential for public health. However, many aspects of their immune system remain poorly understood. Monitoring immune responses of MMs is pivotal for the health assessment of both individuals and populations, as well as providing the scientific basis for analyzing the anthropogenic environmental impact on marine ecosystems and marine-terrestrial interphases. For instance, the increasing susceptibility of Mediterranean whale and dolphin populations to various diseases has been linked to a possible negative influence of multiple environmental factors on the immune system of MMs. The currently limited knowledge on MM immunology has mainly centered on: (i) lymphocyte transformation assays; (ii) natural killer cell activity; (iii) phagocytic activity and respiratory burst; (iv) humoral immune responses; (v) cytokines and (vi) acute phase immune responses. Therefore, further research is essential for deepening our understanding of the specificity of the host immune response in MMs, with a particular emphasis on the genesis and dynamics of (i) cytokine ‘networks’ or ‘signatures’; (ii) transcriptional regulation of immune cells and (iii) major immunomodulators. High-throughput molecular techniques, such as transcriptomic analysis and RNA sequencing, may enable the characterization of immune gene responses at the transcriptomic level. This integrative and holistic approach requires sophisticated tools and methods capable of unveiling the diversity of immune cells and immunologically relevant molecules that orchestrate environmental adaptation and immune protection against pathogens in MMs. This Research Topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of MM immunology with a particular emphasis on structural and functional studies at the protein and cellular level. We wish to encourage and coordinate studies and investigations in order to fill gaps of knowledge in this field. This article collection aims to help gain more data regarding: a) The characterization of the immune system in several species of MMs, i.e. cetaceans, pinnipeds and sirenians; b) The interplay between the host immune system and the most relevant pathogens, e.g., Morbillivirus, Brucella, Toxoplasma gondii and c) The possible interplay between the immune system and contaminants.
Continued Investigation Of Immune Competence In Navy Marine Mammals Implications For Health Viability And Mission Readiness
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Continued Investigation Of Immune Competence In Navy Marine Mammals Implications For Health Viability And Mission Readiness written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Deployed Navy dolphins are exposed to infectious agents and pollutants in environments that may compromise their health and system mission. Challenges dolphins experience during deployments include: transport to different time zones, changes in water temperature, contaminated water, varying acoustic levels, and exposure to wild marine mammal populations. These challenges (confinement/restraint, thermal stress, pollutants, and auditory stress) have been shown to cause immunosuppression in other manuals. Our laboratory has developed and is continuing to develop dolphin-specific markers and assays to assess immunocompetence in cetaceans. These markers and assays were used to evaluate sound as a stressor and looked at the effects of sound level and duration on dolphins as part of the "Temporary Threshold Shift" studies conducted by scientists at the Navy. Moreover, developed reagents and assays were used to assess immunocompetence in wild bottlenose dolphins. The neural-immune tests developed and adapted for bottlenose dolphins do show changes in both captive and wild animals depending on stress (e.g. duration of sound exposure), geographic location and disease state. These tests will be useful for monitoring health in both captive and wild dolphins as well as useful in assessing efficacy of vaccines, and the monitoring of the impact of the environment and various stressors on dolphin health.
Investigation Of Neural Immune Profiling Transcriptomics And Proteomics And Clinical Tools In Assessing Navy Dolphin Health
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Investigation Of Neural Immune Profiling Transcriptomics And Proteomics And Clinical Tools In Assessing Navy Dolphin Health written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
The United States Navy maintains and employs approximately 70 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and 25 sea lions (Zalophus californianus). These marine mammals are deployed all over the world and are specially trained to carry out specific missions and to provide Fleet support for the U.S. Navy. Given the value of these animals to the U.S. Navy, health maintenance and disease prevention for these animals are vital to the U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program's (NMMP) mission and focus. In order to maintain health and disease prevention in these animals it is critical to have the tools to assess health status before, during and after deployment as well as assess efficacy of preventative measures such as vaccines and immunostimulants. This proposal represents the continued development and initial evaluation of three merging technologies that have been focused on advancing our understanding of marine mammal health and disease. These technologies include immune profiling with the advent of dolphin-specific reagents and assays, functional genomics utilizing a dolphin microarray and proteomics. These technologies will continued to be developed, and the technologies will be applied to a subset of archived dolphin samples including both healthy and ill dolphins. Results from these technologies will be analyzed in conjunction with available clinical data to evaluate the potential in determining and assessing dolphin health.
Toxicology Of Marine Mammals
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Author : Joseph G. Vos
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2002-12-05
Toxicology Of Marine Mammals written by Joseph G. Vos and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-12-05 with Nature categories.
The activities of modern society have unleashed a range of toxic chemicals into the global environment. Many of these toxicants are now being detected in increasing quantities in the tissues of marine mammals, most notably in top predators who acquire relatively large amounts of toxic chemicals by ingesting contaminated prey. Toxicology of M
Effects Of Noise On Marine Mammals
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Author : William John Richardson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991
Effects Of Noise On Marine Mammals written by William John Richardson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Airplanes categories.
Marine Mammal Health The Interrelationship Of Autochthonous Viruses And Stress
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Marine Mammal Health The Interrelationship Of Autochthonous Viruses And Stress written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with categories.
Our overall goal was to improve the health and operational effectiveness of the Navy's working marine mammal systems wherever they may be deployed in the oceans of the world. Our supporting objectives in combination with those of the Hawaii and Kansas State Laboratories was to define more clearly the interrelationship of viral disease and stress and the decrement both impose upon the overall health of marine mammals including specific components of the immune system. In addition, we began to assess the epidemiologic aspects of some marine mammal viral disease agents as they may impact the worldwide deployment of Navy animals and the health of personnel working in the water with these animals. Our approach for addressing these goals was as follows. Captive marine mammals were tested for autochthonous virus shedding, and the presence of specific antibodies. These data were correlated on an opportunistic basis with a clinical assessment of the individual animal's overall health and known stresses such as recent capture, social restructuring, training, transportation, restraint, or other activities. Viruses associated with naturally occurring diseases or shed by animals with subclinical infections were isolated from both captive and wild marine mammals. The impact of the diseases caused by such agents was assessed using clinical observation, retrospective serology, experimental infection of non marine mammal modeling species such as swine, and necropsy reports. Epidemiologic studies were carried out to determine some of the oceanographic distributions of marine viruses and to determine their possible effects upon marine mammal populations under conditions of natural exposure and their possible human health effects.
Naval Research Reviews
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1986
Naval Research Reviews written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Naval research categories.
Proceedings
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Proceedings written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Aquatic animals categories.