Knowledge And Conditionals
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Knowledge And Conditionals
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Author : Robert Stalnaker
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Knowledge And Conditionals written by Robert Stalnaker and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Mathematics categories.
Robert C. Stalnaker presents a set of essays on the structure of inquiry. In the first part he focuses on the concepts of knowledge, belief, and partial belief, and on the rules and procedures we use - or ought to use - to determine what to believe, and what to claim that we know. In the second part he examines conditional statements and conditional beliefs, their role in epistemology, and their relations to causal and explanatory concepts, such as dispositions, objective chance, relations of dependence, and independence. A central concern of the book is the interaction of different cognitive perspectives - the ways in which the attitudes of rational agents are or should be influenced by critical reflection on their present cognitive situation, on their own cognitive situations at other times, and on the cognitive situations of others with whom they interact. The general picture that is developed is naturalistic, following Hume in rejecting a substantive role for pure reason in the defense of inductive rules, and in giving causal concepts a central role in the description and explanation of our cognitive practices. However, Stalnaker rejects the side of Hume that aims to reduce concepts involving natural necessity to more basic descriptive concepts. Instead, he argues that the development of inductive rules and practices takes place in interaction with the development of concepts for giving a theoretical description of the world.
Knowledge And Conditionals
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Author : Robert C. Stalnaker
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2019-06-27
Knowledge And Conditionals written by Robert C. Stalnaker and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-06-27 with Philosophy categories.
Robert C. Stalnaker presents a set of essays on the structure of inquiry. In the first part he focuses on the concepts of knowledge, belief, and partial belief, and on the rules and procedures we use - or ought to use - to determine what to believe, and what to claim that we know. In the second part he examines conditional statements and conditional beliefs, their role in epistemology, and their relations to causal and explanatory concepts, such as dispositions, objective chance, relations of dependence, and independence. A central concern of the book is the interaction of different cognitive perspectives - the ways in which the attitudes of rational agents are or should be influenced by critical reflection on their present cognitive situation, on their own cognitive situations at other times, and on the cognitive situations of others with whom they interact. The general picture that is developed is naturalistic, following Hume in rejecting a substantive role for pure reason in the defense of inductive rules, and in giving causal concepts a central role in the description and explanation of our cognitive practices. However, Stalnaker rejects the side of Hume that aims to reduce concepts involving natural necessity to more basic descriptive concepts. Instead, he argues that the development of inductive rules and practices takes place in interaction with the development of concepts for giving a theoretical description of the world.
Conditionals In Nonmonotonic Reasoning And Belief Revision
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Author : Gabriele Kern-Isberner
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2003-06-29
Conditionals In Nonmonotonic Reasoning And Belief Revision written by Gabriele Kern-Isberner and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-06-29 with Computers categories.
Conditionals are omnipresent, in everyday life as well as in scientific environments; they represent generic knowledge acquired inductively or learned from books. They tie a flexible and highly interrelated network of connections along which reasoning is possible and which can be applied to different situations. Therefore, conditionals are important, but also quite problematic objects in knowledge representation. This book presents a new approach to conditionals which captures their dynamic, non-proportional nature particularly well by considering conditionals as agents shifting possible worlds in order to establish relationships and beliefs. This understanding of conditionals yields a rich theory which makes complex interactions between conditionals transparent and operational. Moreover,it provides a unifying and enhanced framework for knowledge representation, nonmonotonic reasoning, belief revision,and even for knowledge discovery.
Conditionals And Prediction
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Author : Barbara Dancygier
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1999-01-13
Conditionals And Prediction written by Barbara Dancygier and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-01-13 with Language Arts & Disciplines categories.
This book offers a new and in-depth analysis of English conditional sentences. In a wide-ranging discussion, Dancygier classifies conditional constructions according to time-reference and modality. She shows how the basic meaning parameters of conditionality correlate to formal parameters of the linguistic constructions which are used to express them. Dancygier suggests that the function of prediction is central to the definition of conditionality, and that conditional sentences display certain formal features which correlate to aspects of interpretation. Although the analysis is based primarily on English, it provides a theoretical framework that can be extended cross-linguistically to a broad range of grammatical phenomena. It will be essential reading for scholars and students concerned with the role of conditionals in English and many other languages.
Knowledge And Conditionals
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Author : Risto Hilpinen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Knowledge And Conditionals written by Risto Hilpinen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Conditionals (Logic) categories.
Suppose And Tell
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Author : Timothy Williamson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Suppose And Tell written by Timothy Williamson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Philosophy categories.
What does 'if' mean? This book argues for a new approach to understanding conditionals, based on the idea that in assessing them we are guided by psychological heuristics, fast and frugal methods, mostly but not always reliable, although the user may have no advance warning from the inside of their fallibility. As a result, philosophers and linguists have been led astray in theorizing about conditionals, because they have taken erroneous judgements about examples as data; simple theories have been too quickly dismissed. The main heuristic involves making a supposition and exploring its consequences, often in the imagination. Although powerful, this methods can lead to paradoxes. A secondary heuristic is to accept heuristic are sometimes in tension. However, formal results help show why the simple 'material' semantics makes the best sense of the two heuristics, even though they generate apparent counter-examples to that semantics. The second half of the book presents a new theory of the meaning of counterfactuals about what would be if things were different; it is explained in terms of the separate meanings of 'if' and 'would'. This account is applied to the role of counterfactuals in thought experiments. Suppose and Tell: The Semantics and Heuristics of Conditionals analyses a wide variety of linguistic data, and discusses the cognitive value of conditionals in our lives, from everyday decision-making to mathematical proofs. Wider implications are drawn for the nature of meaning and its non-transparency to native speakers, vagueness in thought and language, and the need for semantics to attend to the unreliable heuristics underlying our judgements. Book jacket.
Knowledge Representation And Inductive Reasoning Using Conditional Logic And Sets Of Ranking Functions
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Author : S. Kutsch
language : en
Publisher: IOS Press
Release Date : 2021-02-09
Knowledge Representation And Inductive Reasoning Using Conditional Logic And Sets Of Ranking Functions written by S. Kutsch and has been published by IOS Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-09 with Computers categories.
A core problem in Artificial Intelligence is the modeling of human reasoning. Classic-logical approaches are too rigid for this task, as deductive inference yielding logically correct results is not appropriate in situations where conclusions must be drawn based on the incomplete or uncertain knowledge present in virtually all real world scenarios. Since there are no mathematically precise and generally accepted definitions for the notions of plausible or rational, the question of what a knowledge base consisting of uncertain rules entails has long been an issue in the area of knowledge representation and reasoning. Different nonmonotonic logics and various semantic frameworks and axiom systems have been developed to address this question. The main theme of this book, Knowledge Representation and Inductive Reasoning using Conditional Logic and Sets of Ranking Functions, is inductive reasoning from conditional knowledge bases. Using ordinal conditional functions as ranking models for conditional knowledge bases, the author studies inferences induced by individual ranking models as well as by sets of ranking models. He elaborates in detail the interrelationships among the resulting inference relations and shows their formal properties with respect to established inference axioms. Based on the introduction of a novel classification scheme for conditionals, he also addresses the question of how to realize and implement the entailment relations obtained. In this work, “Steven Kutsch convincingly presents his ideas, provides illustrating examples for them, rigorously defines the introduced concepts, formally proves all technical results, and fully implements every newly introduced inference method in an advanced Java library (...). He significantly advances the state of the art in this field.” – Prof. Dr. Christoph Beierle of the FernUniversität in Hagen
Rational Reasoning With Finite Conditional Knowledge Bases
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Author : Christian Eichhorn
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-12-28
Rational Reasoning With Finite Conditional Knowledge Bases written by Christian Eichhorn and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-28 with Philosophy categories.
Nonmonotonic reasoning is a discipline of computer science, epistemology, and cognition: It models inferences where classical logic is inadequate in symbolic AI, defines normative models for reasoning with defeasible information in epistemology, and models human reasoning under information change in cognition. Its building blocks are defeasible rules formalised as DeFinetti conditionals. In this thesis, Christian Eichhorn examines qualitative and semi-quantitative inference relations on top said conditionals, using the conditional structure of the knowledge base and Spohn’s Ordinal Conditional Functions, using established properties. Converting network approaches from probabilistics, he shows how to approach the relations with regard to implementation.
Probabilistic Knowledge
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Author : Sarah Moss
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-02-16
Probabilistic Knowledge written by Sarah Moss and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-02-16 with Philosophy categories.
Traditional philosophical discussions of knowledge have focused on the epistemic status of full beliefs. Sarah Moss argues that in addition to full beliefs, credences can constitute knowledge. For instance, your 0.4 credence that it is raining outside can constitute knowledge, in just the same way that your full beliefs can. In addition, you can know that it might be raining, and that if it is raining then it is probably cloudy, where this knowledge is not knowledge of propositions, but of probabilistic contents. The notion of probabilistic content introduced in this book plays a central role not only in epistemology, but in the philosophy of mind and language as well. Just as tradition holds that you believe and assert propositions, you can believe and assert probabilistic contents. Accepting that we can believe, assert, and know probabilistic contents has significant consequences for many philosophical debates, including debates about the relationship between full belief and credence, the semantics of epistemic modals and conditionals, the contents of perceptual experience, peer disagreement, pragmatic encroachment, perceptual dogmatism, and transformative experience. In addition, accepting probabilistic knowledge can help us discredit negative evaluations of female speech, explain why merely statistical evidence is insufficient for legal proof, and identify epistemic norms violated by acts of racial profiling. Hence the central theses of this book not only help us better understand the nature of our own mental states, but also help us better understand the nature of our responsibilities to each other.
Knowledge In Contemporary Philosophy
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Author : Stephen Hetherington
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2021-09-20
Knowledge In Contemporary Philosophy written by Stephen Hetherington and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-20 with Philosophy categories.
The Philosophy of Knowledge: A History presents the history of one of Western philosophy's greatest challenges: understanding the nature of knowledge. Divided chronologically into four volumes, it follows conceptions of knowledge that have been proposed, defended, replaced, and proposed anew by ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary philosophers. This volume covers contemporary discussions about scientific, social and self-knowledge and attempts to understand knowledge naturalistically, contextually and normatively. With original insights into the vast sweep of ways in which philosophers have sought to understand knowledge, The Philosophy of Knowledge: A History embraces what is vital and evolving within contemporary epistemology. Overseen by an international team of leading philosophers and featuring 50 specially-commissioned chapters, this is a major collection on one of philosophy's defining topics.