Landschaft Und Vegetation
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Download Landschaft Und Vegetation PDF/ePub or read online books in Mobi eBooks. Click Download or Read Online button to get Landschaft Und Vegetation book now. This website allows unlimited access to, at the time of writing, more than 1.5 million titles, including hundreds of thousands of titles in various foreign languages. If the content not found or just blank you must refresh this page
Landschaft Und Vegetation
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Florian Bellin-Harder
language : de
Publisher: transcript Verlag
Release Date : 2024-02-29
Landschaft Und Vegetation written by Florian Bellin-Harder and has been published by transcript Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-02-29 with Architecture categories.
Die Wahrnehmung und das Verständnis von Landschaft sind auf der einen Seite erkenntnistheoretisch und politisch geprägt. Daher wird um das richtige Verständnis und die Interpretation in Diskursen zu Gerechtigkeit des Zugangs, Umgang mit Neophyten und Nachhaltigkeit im Klimawandel gerungen. Auf der anderen Seite ist Vegetation ein wesentliches Merkmal von Landschaft, das in seinen materiellen Eigenschaften nicht beliebig formbar oder politischen Vorstellungen und Absichten zu unterwerfen ist. Sie stellt gewohnte Wahrnehmungen und die Interessen an nachhaltiger Entwicklung bis hinein in die Herstellungsplanung von Vegetation vor Herausforderungen. Die Beiträger*innen dieser Festschrift für Stefan Körner machen die von ihm mitgeprägten Diskurse um Landschaft wie auch um die Erforschung der Vegetationsverwendung und -pflege zugänglich.
Vegetation Mapping
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : A.W. Küchler
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Vegetation Mapping written by A.W. Küchler and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
A. W. KOCHLER The intimate intercourse between two or more 2. vegetation maps are scientific tools for ana fields of knowledge often bears interesting and lyzing the environment and the relation valuable fruit. Vegetation maps are such fruit, ships between vegetation and the site on resulting from the union of botany and geogra which it occurs. This helps to explain the phy. The work of botanists can be comprehen distribution of plant communities on the sive only if it includes a consideration of plants basis of the physical and chemical features in space, i. e. in different types of landscapes. At of the landscape. On the other hand, plant this point, the work of geographers becomes communities allow conclusions on the natu important through their development of maps re of the environment; as tools to determine and to analyze distribu 3. vegetation maps are valuable standards of tions in space. Our highly developed knowledge reference for observing and measuring of vegetation is matched by the refinement of changes in the vegetation, their direction cartographic techniques, and maps can now be and their speed, i. e. the rate of change. This is important because the character ofvegeta made that will show the extent and geographical distribution of vegetation anywhere on the sur tion is dynamic and is increasingly affected face of our planet with a remarkable degree of by man; accuracy. 4.
Und Das Ungeheure Bild Der Landschaft
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Karsten Berr
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-01-03
Und Das Ungeheure Bild Der Landschaft written by Karsten Berr and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-03 with Social Science categories.
The understanding of landscape in the German-speaking area has some similarities with the discussions of the topic in other European languages and scientific communities, but there are some specifics. These specifics can be found both in the common sense understanding of landscape and in the history of scientific conceptualization. Special features of the common sense understanding lie on the one hand in the medieval roots, a strong romantic charge and the strong connection between home and landscape. With regard to the scientific examination of landscape, there are specific fractions and discontinuities in the German-speaking world. Contents• Theoretical Framing: the Creation of Landscape• The Genesis of the Landscape Concept in the German Language Regions – the Common Sense Understanding• The Concept of Landscape in Landscape-Related Sciences• Landscape Research in its Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Challenge About the AuthorsDr. Karsten Berr works as a research assistant at the Department for Urban and Regional Development at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen.Dr. Dr. Olaf Kühne is professor for Urban and Regional Development at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen.
Vegetation Structure And Function At Multiple Spatial Temporal And Conceptual Scales
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Elgene Owen Box
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-03-17
Vegetation Structure And Function At Multiple Spatial Temporal And Conceptual Scales written by Elgene Owen Box and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-03-17 with Science categories.
This commemorative volume of invited papers in vegetation science covers a full range of topics, objectives, methods and applications, including conservation and management tasks. These require study at different temporal and spatial scales, often simultaneously. Methodology is important in science, since it responds to particular questions and raises others. It is also closely related to the scale of investigation. Chapters in this book illustrate this interdependence, even in basic tasks such as vegetation sampling and description, measurements and mapping. Individual chapters present globally applicable systems, regional syntheses and local analyses and applications, plus conceptual methodologies, including currently debated hot topics. Vegetation types treated include tropical rainforests, temperate forests, dry steppes and scrub and local turf, sedge and moss communities. There are also chapters on re-vegetation, woodlot management, ecology of an invasive species, and trajectory planning in conservation. This book will be useful to both students and practitioners, for its reviews and examples and as a potential textbook suitable for graduate-level courses and seminars.
Ecology Of Central European Non Forest Vegetation Coastal To Alpine Natural To Man Made Habitats
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Christoph Leuschner
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-09-13
Ecology Of Central European Non Forest Vegetation Coastal To Alpine Natural To Man Made Habitats written by Christoph Leuschner and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-13 with Science categories.
This handbook in two volumes synthesises our knowledge about the ecology of Central Europe’s plant cover with its 7000-yr history of human impact, covering Germany, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia. Based on a thorough literature review with 5500 cited references and nearly 1000 figures and tables, the two books review in 26 chapters all major natural and man-made vegetation types with their climatic and edaphic influences, the structure and dynamics of their communities, the ecophysiology of important plant species, and key aspects of ecosystem functioning. Volume I deals with forests and scrub vegetation and analyses the ecology of Central Europe’s tree flora, whilst Volume II is dedicated to the non-forest vegetation covering mires, grasslands, heaths, alpine habitats and urban vegetation. The consequences of over-use, pollution and recent climate change over the last century are explored and conservation issues addressed.
Vegetation Types Of The Dieng Mountains And Their Influences On Bird And Mammalian Communities
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Siti Nurleily Marliana
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2013-01-21
Vegetation Types Of The Dieng Mountains And Their Influences On Bird And Mammalian Communities written by Siti Nurleily Marliana and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-21 with Science categories.
Kurzbeschreibung Der Druck des Bevölkerungswachstums auf der indonesischen Insel Java hat zu gravierender Entwaldung und Schädigung von Wäldern geführt, so dass nur noch 8,2 Prozent der ursprünglichen Waldfläche in den Jahren 2006-2007 vorhanden waren. Der Bevölkerungsdruck ließ Javas Waldflächen durch Landumwandlung in Siedlungen und Äcker weiter schrumpfen und kleine, isolierte Waldstücke an Berggipfeln wie die in den Dieng Mountains übrig. Das in der Provinz Zentral-Java gelegene Dieng Mountains Ökosystem spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Bereitstellung einer breiten Palette von Waren und Dienstleistungen, insbesondere bei der Versorgung angrenzender Gebiete mit Süßwasser und beim Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt. Allerdings leiden auch die Bergwälder in den Dieng Mountains in Folge des Bevölkerungsdrucks unter Abholzung. Schlechte landwirtschaftliche Anbaumethoden haben zum Auftreten von Pestizidbelastungen, zu einem hohen Maß an Erosion, Sedimentationen von Seen und Stauseen, Erdrutschen, Schlammlawinen und Überschwemmungen geführt. Waldbrände und illegaler Holzeinschlag, gefolgt von Landbeanspruchung und Wanderfeldbau, führten dazu, dass reife Bergwälder durch junge Sekundärvegetation ersetzt wurden. Wiederbewaldungen sind zu einem bedeutenden Vegetationstyp rund um das Dieng Plateau geworden, und angesichts der gegenwärtigen landwirtschaftlichen Anbaumethoden zeigt der Trend ihres Flächenausmaßes, dass sie auch in Zukunft fortbestehen werden. Bisher hat man sich wenig mit den Wiederbewaldungen in den Dieng Mountains beschäftigt; ihr Wert in Bezug auf die Funktionsweise von Ökosystemen und den Erhalt der biologische Vielfalt wurde nur unzureichend untersucht. Da Bergwälder der Dieng Mountains dafür bekannt sind, viele endemische und seltene Tier- und Pflanzenarten zu beherbergen, ist es wichtig zu verstehen, wie Tier- und Pflanzenarten in diesem Gebiet den Habitatwandel bewältigen. Die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit ist ein Versuch, Auswirkungen von Landnutzungsänderungen, die durch anthropogene Störungen hervorgerufen wurden, auf die lokale Flora und Fauna, speziell auf Vogel- und Säugetiergemeinschaften zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen einen Überblick über den gegenwärtigen Zustand des Dieng Mountains Ökosystems geben und dazu beitragen, Informationslücken früherer Studien zu schließen. Diese Untersuchung soll zuständigen Politikern Wissen über den aktuellen Stand der Dieng Mountains bieten. Sie soll ihnen ermöglichen, ein wirksames Programm mit angemessenen Zielen zu entwickeln und geeignete Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, um die ökologischen Bedingungen der Dieng Mountains zu verbessern. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Entwicklung der Sekundärvegetation der Dieng Mountains stark von der Geschichte ihrer Landnutzung und von den Aufforstungsprogrammen der lokalen Regierung beeinflusst wurde. Die Vegetationsstruktur der Wälder und des Buschlandes der Dieng Mountains waren einander ähnlich. Sie kennzeichnete die typische einfache Struktur mit einem offenen Kronendach und dichtem Unterholz, die in der Regel in einem tropischen Sekundärwald vorgefunden wird. Auf Grünland kamen wenige Bäume vor; kein Anzeichen der Einwanderung von Bäumen wurde in diesem Lebensraum gefunden, trotz seiner unmittelbaren Nähe zu natürlichen Waldstücken. Die relativ niedrigen Anteile von Baumverjüngungen in allen Lebensräumen können den in diesen großen Höhen rauen Umgebungsbedingungen, den Auswirkungen von Kahlschlägen in der Vergangenheit sowie der Konkurrenz von Kräutern zugeschrieben werden. Der Einfluss menschlicher Aktivitäten in diesen Lebensräumen kann auch ein wichtiger Faktor sein, der die Erholung der Vegetation verlangsamt. Die Auswirkungen der Aufforstungen auf die Gestaltung der Zusammensetzung der Sekundärvegetation zeigten sich in der Dominanz der Baumarten, die im Laufe des Programms gepflanzt worden waren: die nicht einheimischen Arten Acacia decurrens und Cupressus sempervirens und die indonesische Bergart Schima wallichii. Der Pionierstrauch Melastoma affine, die Gräser Imperata cylindrica und Isachne globosa sowie die Ruderalarten Eupatorium odoratum, Eupatorium riparium, Buddleja asiatica, und Rubus rosaefolius dominierten die Unterholzvegetation. Insbesondere auf Grünland schien die Dominanz des kleinen Farns Gleichenia dichotoma das Wachstum der vorkommenden Grasarten zu unterdrücken, was zur Dominanz einer Krautart, der Conyza javanica, über Pioniergrasarten führte. Naturverjüngungen einheimischer indonesischer Baumarten wurden in einer relativ kleinen Zahl vorgefunden. Verglichen mit ähnlichen Studien in anderen Sekundärwäldern wurde in den Dieng Mountains eine wesentlich geringerer Reichtum an Pflanzenarten, vor allem an Gehölzarten festgestellt. Der Beitrag der Strauch- und Krautkategorien mit mehr als 80 Prozent an der gesamten botanischen Artenvielfalt zeigt den Mangel an Baumarten in unserem Forschungsgebiet an. Generell waren der Reichtum und die Diversität an Pflanzenarten im Buschland am höchsten. Der niedrigste Pflanzenartenreichtum wurde im Wald gefunden, während die geringste Diversität an Pflanzenarten auf Grünland verzeichnet wurde. Diese Ergebnisse können mit dem Grad von Störungen in jedem Lebensraumtyp zusammenhängen, wobei Buschland auf einem mittleren Niveau liegt. Die Ähnlichkeit der Zusammensetzung der Pflanzenarten war zwischen den Habitaten in jeder Kategorie sehr hoch. Dies deutet trotz des Altersunterschiedes zwischen beiden Lebensräumen darauf hin, dass Waldund Buschland noch in einem vergleichbaren Sukzessionsstadium waren, während sich Grünland wohl nicht zu Wald entwickeln wird. Wegen der anhaltenden Bevölkerungsausbreitung in den Dieng Mountains dürfte das Schicksal der sekundären Vegetation dieses Gebietes von dem Ausmaß zukünftiger Störungen durch den Menschen bestimmt werden. Vögel wurden in den verschiedenen Lebensräumen der Dieng Mountains in relativ geringen Dichten gefunden. Nach früheren Studien anderer Autoren sind niedrige Vogeldichten häufig in einer tropischen Landschaft, in der landwirtschaftliche Flächen und Flächen sekundärer Vegetation gemischt in mosaikartiger Verteilung vorliegen. Wald hatte von allen Lebensraumtypen die komplexeste Vegetationsstruktur, und er wies die höchste Dichte und die größte Artenvielfalt von Vögeln auf. Da Vogelabundanzen durch die Lebensraumtypen in ihrer Umgebung beeinflusst werden, kann die Nähe der Waldstücke zu den Urwaldresten auf den Berggipfeln positive Auswirkungen auf die Vogelpopulationen im Wald gehabt haben. Mit einer ähnlichen, aber weniger komplexen Vegetationsstruktur und -zusammensetzung als Wald wies das Buschland ein mittleres Niveau der Dichte und der Artendiversität der Avifauna auf. Trotz seines Mangels an mosaikartiger Heterogenität und des Vorhandenseins von nur einer kleinen Anzahl Bäume zwischen den Flurstücken hatten landwirtschaftliche Flächen die zweithöchste Vogeldichte. Mögliche Ursachen hierfür sind die Nähe von landwirtschaftlichen Flächen zu städtischen Gebieten und zu Buschland mit seinen Randstrukturen holziger Gewächse; diese Faktoren sind dafür bekannt, positive Auswirkungen auf die Abundanz und Artendiversität von Vögeln zu haben. Grünland wies die geringste Artenanzahl, Artendiversität und Vogeldichte auf. Die gesamte Anzahl der Vogelarten in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet war gering im Vergleich zur Anzahl Vogelarten einer früheren Studie, die auch in den Dieng Mountains durchgeführt worden war. Allerdings war die Vogelwelt in unserer Untersuchung sehr heterogen, so dass es wahrscheinlich ist, dass die tatsächliche Artenzahl deutlich höher als die erfasste war. Die meisten der erfassten Vogelarten haben eine niedrige bis mittlere Abhängigkeit von Wald und können ihre Ansprüche in einer breiten Palette von Lebensräumen decken; es wurden nur sechs Vogelarten erfasst, die vom Wald abhängig sind. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Dieng Mountains Ökosystem in seinem gegenwärtigen Zustand die Lebensraumansprüche von Populationen verschiedene Vogelarten decken kann. Das beruht vor allem auf dem Vorhandensein von Sekundärvegetation, die als Ersatzhabitat für waldabhängige Arten fungiert. Allerdings wird das Fortdauern dieses Zustandes hauptsächlich von der zukünftigen Ausweitung der Landwirtschaft abhängen. Eine Ausweitung der Agrarlandschaft wird letztendlich die Abundanz und die Vielfalt von Vögeln in den Dieng Mountains verringern. Lässt man es zu, dass sich die Sekundärvegetation zu einer Klimaxgesellschaft entwickelt, so wird die Abundanz und Artendiversität von Vögeln zunehmen. Ähnlich positive Wirkungen kann nach unserer Einschätzung zukünftig die bislang im Untersuchungsgebiet noch nicht praktizierte Agroforstwirtschaft entfalten. Letztendlich muss der Zustand des Dieng Mountains Ökosystems verbessert werden, um seine Eignung als Lebensraum für seine einheimische Vogelwelt sicher zu stellen. Dreizehn kleine bis mittelgroße Säugetierarten wurden in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet mittels direkter Bestandsaufnahmen und Interviews erfasst. Zwei Arten, der schwarze Haubenlangur Trachypithecus auratus und der Java-Leopard Panthera Pardus melas wurden in der Roten Liste der IUCN als gefährdet bzw. vom Aussterben bedroht eingestuft. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Sekundärvegetation der Dieng Mountains noch einen geeigneten Lebensraum für die Säugetiergemeinschaft aufwies, wobei im Wald und im Buschland jeweils ein viel höherer Artenreichtum herrschte als auf Grünland. Der Artenreichtum an Säugetieren war auf Ackerland fast so hoch wie im Wald und im Buschland, was bedeutet, dass die landwirtschaftlichen Flächen mit ihren angebauten Kulturen Nahrungshabitate für die meisten Säugetierarten in den Dieng Mountains bot. Die Mehrheit der aufgeführten Arten waren Lebensraumgeneralisten und fähig, sich an gestörte Umgebungen anzupassen. Hiervon sind zwei Primatenarten ausgenommen, der Javaneraffe Macaca fascicularis und der schwarze Haubenlangur Trachypithecus auratus, deren Lebensraum nur auf Wald beschränkt war. Die Ergebnisse der Habitatpräferenzanalysen von vier Arten, die direkt erfasst worden waren, waren bei drei Arten mangels ausreichender Daten wenig aussagekräftig. Das Wildschwein Sus scrofa zeigte eine signifikante Präferenz für Wald und Wiesen, es mied Buschland bei der Nahrungssuche. Die Mitglieder der Säugetiergemeinschaft spielen anscheinend eine wichtige Rolle als Samenverbreiter bei der Erholung der Wälder der Dieng Mountains, und wir erhoffen uns, dass diese Studie als Grundlage für die Schaffung eines wirksamen Naturschutzplans zur Verbesserung des Dieng Mountains Ökosystems dient. Betrachtet man den Trend der menschlichen Bevölkerungsexpansion und die Landnutzungsmuster in den Dieng Mountains, mag das Schicksal der Wälder und der Tierwelt in diesem Gebiet vor allem durch die Höhe zukünftiger Störungen durch Menschen bestimmt werden. Günstigenfalls kann sich eine wechselseitige Beziehung zwischen Wald und den Menschen, die ihn nutzen, entwickeln, was ein nachhaltiges Management von Wald und Landschaft zur Folge haben könnte. Weitere Forschung ist notwendig, um die Folgen der landwirtschaftlichen Praktiken in den Dieng Mountains, einschließlich der Auswirkungen von Pestiziden und Düngemitteln auf die Wildbestände, zu untersuchen. Description The pressure from population growth in Indonesia’s Java Island has resulted in grave deforestation and forest degradation, leaving only 8.2 percent of forest cover remaining in 2006-2007. Population pressure continued to shrink Java’s forest cover through land conversion into settlement areas and agricultural fields, leaving small, isolated forest patches situated on mountain tops, like the ones found in the Dieng Mountains. Located in Central Java Province, Indonesia, the Dieng Mountains ecosystem has an important role in providing a wide range of goods and services, especially in supplying freshwater to its adjacent areas and maintaining biodiversity. However, the montane forests in the Dieng Mountains suffer from degradation caused by population pressure. Poor farming practices have resulted in the occurrence of pesticide pollution, a high level of erosion, soil sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs, landslides, and mud floods. Forest fires, illegal logging, forest looting, followed by land encroachment and shifting cultivation, have replaced the mature montane forests with young secondary vegetation. Regrowth forests have become the major vegetation type surrounding the Dieng Plateau, and with current farming practices, the trend of their formation indicates that they will persist into the future. So far, little has been done to deal with regrowth forests in the Dieng Mountains, and their value in terms of ecosystem functioning and biodiversity preservation has been insufficiently studied. Since the Dieng montane forests are known to harbor many endemic and rare wildlife species, it is important to understand how wildlife species in this area cope with habitat change. This research is an attempt to examine the impact of land use change resulting from humaninduced disturbances to the local flora and fauna, specifically to bird and mammal communities. The results of this research will provide an overview of the present condition of the Dieng Mountains ecosystem and help to fill in the information gaps left by previous studies. This research will provide policymakers with knowledge of the current state of the Dieng Mountains, allowing them to develop an effective program with reasonable goals and take appropriate actions in their effort to improve the ecological conditions of the Dieng Mountains. Vegetation data were collected in habitats that represent various ages of second-growth vegetation, namely woodland, shrubland, and grassland. A stratified systematic sampling with a random start was used to collect data on various growthforms of plant species. Vegetation parameters (i.e. species density, dominance, diameter class distribution) were then calculated. Plant species richness and diversity, and stands similarity were analyzed using SPADE. The bird census was carried out in the same locations chosen for vegetation surveys using the point transect distance method, with additional data collections in agricultural land. The results were then analyzed using the programs DISTANCE 6.0 release 2 for estimating the bird densities, and SPADE for estimating bird species richness and diversity. Surveys of mammal signs were also carried out in the same locations chosen for vegetation surveys and bird censuses by using a strip transect of 2-m width, crisscrossing the habitats in a random direction. Mammal species richness and the habitat preference of each species were then analyzed. In addition, interviews with local people were also conducted to gather supplementary information regarding the mammalian community in the Dieng Mountains. Our results show that the development of the secondary vegetation of the Dieng Mountains was highly influenced by its land use history and reforestation programs run by the local government. The vegetation structure of woodland and shrubland of the Dieng Mountains were similar, characterized with the typical simple structure normally found in a tropical secondary forest, an open canopy, and dense undergrowth. Few trees populated the grassland; no sign of tree invasion was found in this habitat, despite its close proximity to natural forest patches. The relatively low tree regenerations in all the habitats may be attributed to harsh environmental conditions caused by the high altitudinal location and the impact of forest clearings in the past, as well as competition with herbs. The effect of human activities in those habitats may also be an important factor slowing down the vegetation recovery. The impact of reforestations in shaping the floristic composition of the secondary vegetation was seen in the domination of tree species planted during the course of the program: the non-native species Acacia decurrens and Cupressus sempervirens, and Indonesian mountain species Schima wallichii. Pioneer shrub species Melastoma affine and grass Imperata cylindrica and Isachne globosa, as well as ruderal species Eupatorium odoratum, Eupatorium riparium, Buddleja asiatica, and Rubus rosaefolius dominated the undergrowth vegetation. Specifically in grassland, the small fern Gleichenia dichotoma’s domination seemed to suppress the growth of coexisting grass species, leading to the domination of a herb species, Conyza javanica, over pioneer grass species. Native Indonesian tree species were discovered as natural regrowth in a relatively small number. Compared with similar studies in other secondary forests, the richness of plant species found in the Dieng Mountains was considerably lower, especially that of woody plants. The contribution of the shrub and herb categories to more than 80 percent of the total species richness indicates the scarcity of tree species in our research area. In general, plant species richness and diversity were found highest in shrubland. The lowest species richness was found in woodland, while the lowest plant species diversity was recorded in grassland. These results may be related to the level of disturbance in each habitat, which shrubland experienced at an intermediate level. The similarity of plant species composition among habitats in each category was very high. This suggests that woodland and shrubland were still in a comparable stage of succession, despite the age difference between both habitats, while grassland may not succeed in developing into a forest. Considering the trend of population expansion in the Dieng Mountains, the fate of the secondary vegetation in this area may be determined by the level of future interference by humans. In various habitats in the Dieng Mountains, birds were found in relatively low densities. Based on previous studies by other authors, the occurrence of birds in low densities is common in a tropical landscape in which farmland and secondary vegetation are mixed into mosaics. The woodland of the Dieng Mountains, which had the most complex vegetation structure compared with the other habitat types, bore the highest bird density and species diversity. As bird assemblages are influenced by their surrounding habitat types, the bird populations in woodland may have been positively affected by woodland’s proximity to the patches of remnant forests on the mountain tops. With a similar, yet less complex vegetation structure and composition than woodland, shrubland had an intermediate level of bird density and species diversity. Despite its lack of mosaic heterogeneity and the presence of only a small number of trees between plots, agricultural land placed second in bird density. Possible causes for this include the proximity of agricultural land to urban areas and its adjacency to shrubland, which provided woody edge habitat; these factors are known to have positive effects on bird abundance and diversity. Grassland had the lowest species richness, species diversity, and bird density. The overall bird species diversity in our study area was low compared with the number of bird species listed in a previous study that also took place in the Dieng Mountains in 2001. However, the bird community was highly heterogeneous, making it likely that the actual species richness was considerably higher than the observed one. Most of the bird species encountered have a low to medium dependency on forest and a broad range of habitat suitability; only six forest-dependent species were recorded. Our results suggest that in its current state, the Dieng Mountains ecosystem can still meet the needs of various bird species populations. This is mainly because of the presence of secondary vegetation, which functions as a substitute habitat for forest-dependent species. However, the persistence of this condition will depend mainly on future agricultural expansion. An expanding agricultural landscape will eventually reduce the abundance and diversity of birds in the Dieng Mountains. Allowing the secondary vegetation to develop into a climax community will increase avian abundance and species diversity. Agroforestry, not yet widely practiced in the study area, also has the potential to have similar positive effects on the avifauna. Nevertheless, the condition of the Dieng Mountains ecosystem still needs to be improved to assure its suitability as a habitat for its native avifauna. Thirteen small to medium-sized mammal species were recorded in our study area through direct surveys and interviews. Two species, the Javan langur Trachypithecus auratus and Javan leopard Panthera pardus melas, were categorized as vulnerable and critically endangered, respectively, under the IUCN Red List. Our results suggest that the second-growth vegetation of the Dieng Mountains still provided a suitable habitat for the mammalian community, with woodland and shrubland each supporting much higher species richness than grassland. The species richness observed in agricultural land was almost as high as that of woodland and shrubland, implying that agricultural land with ist cultivated crops provided food and habitat for most mammal species in the Dieng Mountains. The majority of species listed were habitat generalists and capable of adapting to disturbed environments, except for two primate species, the long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis and Javan langur, whose habitat was confined only to woodland. The results of habitat preference analyses of mammal species recorded directly in the field were mostly inconclusive, owing to the lack of sufficient data. The most meaningful result was with the wild boar Sus scrofa, which showed a significant preference towards woodland and grassland, while avoiding shrubland for foraging. With their function as seed dispersers, the mammalian community’s members play important roles in the Dieng Mountains forest recovery, and therefore we expect this study to serve as a basis for establishing an effective conservation plan towards the improvement of the Dieng Mountains ecosystem. Considering the trend of human population expansion and land use patterns in the Dieng Mountains, the fate of forests and wildlife in this area may mostly be determined by the level of future interference by humans. At best, a mutual relationship can develop between the forest and humans utilizing it, which would give rise to sustainable forest and landscape management. Further research is needed to study the consequences of agricultural practices in the Dieng Mountains, including the effects of pesticides and fertilizers on wildlife populations.
Ostfriesische Inseln
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Jörg Petersen
language : de
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Ostfriesische Inseln written by Jörg Petersen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Terrestrial Coastal Ecosystems In Germany And Climate Change
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Dietrich Mossakowski
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-03-02
Terrestrial Coastal Ecosystems In Germany And Climate Change written by Dietrich Mossakowski and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-03-02 with Science categories.
Climate change is one of the most severe dangers for mankind worldwide. Beside the temperature increase, the sea level will rise and flood wide coastal areas, which is already remarkable today. The effects will be dramatic, in particular, at coasts with low elevation gradients such as at the German coasts of the North and Baltic Sea. The impact will be not only severe for coastal people, but still more for the unique coastal ecosystems, which harbors many plant and animal species that are already endangered today. This book focuses on the coastal terrestrial ecosystems of the German North and Baltic Sea. It describes the reactions of plants and animals (i.e. spiders, carabid beetles, bees and nematodes) on the future temperature and sea level increase. The combination of field and experimental studies is unique for Europe and for many parts of the world. It not only studies the actual elevation gradients and the climatic and saline gradients from West to East, but also the historical changes to document processes at coastal ecosystems that were already passed. In contrast to many books that studied the marine processes with similar backgrounds, this book concerns the terrestrial coastal ecosystems that were overall rarely studied and, in particular, never studied under this specific viewpoint.
Die Landschaft Interpretieren Interdisziplin Re Ans Tze
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Werner Kreisel
language : en
Publisher: Universitätsverlag Göttingen
Release Date : 2021
Die Landschaft Interpretieren Interdisziplin Re Ans Tze written by Werner Kreisel and has been published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Landscapes categories.
There is no generally valid, recognised definition of what landscape actually is. On the basis of its relatedness to the environment, to aesthetics, territory, society, politics, economics, geography, planning, ethnology and philosophy, the concept of landscape is considered to be a "composite" notion shaped by a thousand years of Central European ideas and of literary and art history. In other words, the very term "landscape" is ambiguous and it is used in different ways both in the scholarly world and everyday speech. The aim of this volume is to present various possible approaches to the phenomenon of "landscape". Far from laying any claim to be exhaustive or comprehensive we have simply tried to do justice to the overarching interdisciplinary approach of the Zentrum für Landschaftsinterpretation und Tourismus (ZELT: Centre for Landscape Interpretation and Tourism) by singling out and addressing individual instances of this fascinating multifaceted phenomenon.
Geographers
DOWNLOAD eBooks
Author : Geoffrey Martin
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2015-12-14
Geographers written by Geoffrey Martin and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-14 with Science categories.
Geographers is an annual collection of studies on individuals who have made major contributions to the development of geography and geographical thought. Subjects are drawn from all periods and from all parts of the world, and include famous names as well as those less well known, including explorers, independent thinkers and scholars. Each paper describes the geographer's education, life and work and discusses their influence and spread of academic ideas. Each study includes a select bibliography and a brief chronology. The work includes a general index, and a cumulative index of geographers listed in volumes published to date. Published under the auspices of the International Geographical Union.