Larval Ecology Of Malaria Vectors And The Impact Of Larviciding On Malaria Transmission In The Gambia
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Larval Ecology Of Malaria Vectors And The Impact Of Larviciding On Malaria Transmission In The Gambia
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Larval Ecology Of Malaria Vectors And The Impact Of Larviciding On Malaria Transmission In The Gambia written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Anopheles gambiae categories.
The Ecology Of Malaria Vectors
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Author : Jacques Derek Charlwood
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-07-31
The Ecology Of Malaria Vectors written by Jacques Derek Charlwood and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-31 with Medical categories.
This practical book covers all aspects of the biology of malaria vectors, with notes on the vectors of dengue. It is the first work in this field to concentrate on mosquitoes, rather than covering all disease vectors. Authored by renowned field entomologist Jacques Derek Charlwood, it disseminates his vast experience working on mosquito biology, ecology and the evaluation of new vector control tools across five continents over the past 40 years. Covering all aspects from classification and systematics, population dynamics, vector control, to surveillance and sampling, epidemics, and a selection of case histories, the book also considers genetics and resistance, Aedes biology, and malaria and dengue models. It is designed to fill the gap between very specialized texts and undergraduate books on general disease vectors, and is ideal as a textbook for postgraduate courses in entomology and mosquito vectors of disease.
A Participatory Approach For Malaria Control In Southern Malawi
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
A Participatory Approach For Malaria Control In Southern Malawi written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Current trends in the fight against malaria suggest that further progress will be difficult with the use of insecticide-based control measures alone. Without major reductions in the burden of malaria registered in the past few years, the use of additional interventions with synergistic effects on the current standard measures is required. Currently, interest in employing Larval Source Management (LSM) as a complementary tool is growing as it has shown to significantly reduce larval densities and consequently adult populations in settings where it has been applied along other interventions. LSM is commonly executed via 1) habitat modification, which includes physical transformation of a larval habitat through draining, filling and land levelling and 2) larviciding, commonly using an endotoxin-producing bacterial larvicide, Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti). Knowledge on the ecology of anopheline larval habitats is therefore important as it informs where LSM should be targeted. Also, knowledge about community acceptance and participation in LSM is important as it affects the scalability and future sustainability of the intervention. The study described in this thesis focused on the potential of community-led LSM in Malawi. Chapter 2 describes the habitat ecology of malaria vectors in the Majete area, southern Malawi. In this area, anopheline larvae develop in habitats with little silt, surrounded by bare-grounds and occupied by culicine larvae. I conclude that larval control should be directed towards such anopheline-productive habitats which sustain malaria transmission. In Chapter 3, I investigated whether application of Bti induces discrimination of treated sites by gravid females seeking oviposition sites. I found that treatment of the sites with the bacterial larvicide does not repel ovipositing females from laying eggs in such sites. This finding implies that the female mosquitoes did not detect the presence of the larvicide in aquatic sites. In Chapter 4, we explored whether application of lower doses (sublethal) of Bti in larval habitats can negatively affect fitness parameters of malaria vectors and hence their ability to successfully transmit malaria. Sublethal Bti doses are likely to occur when applications are done under field conditions, especially by local communities who may lack the desired expertise in comparison with trained experts. Immature and adult life history parameters, including larval survival, adult longevity, wing size and oviposition of An. coluzzii, an important African malaria vector, were assessed in a laboratory setting. Our results show that larval densities were reduced when exposed to the sublethal doses. When exposed to Bti LC70 as larvae, the proportional hazard rate for mortality as adult females was about three times higher than in the control group. At the same LC70 dose rate, the mean wing length of the adult females increased by 12% compared to that of the control group. These findings are valuable as they demonstrate that larval exposure to Bti, even at lower doses, reduces the longevity of emerging adults which also reduces their vectorial capacity as they may not live long enough to effectively transmit the malaria parasite. In Chapter 5, we assessed whether communities would accept and are willing to participate in community-led LSM activities. Specifically, we explored factors that would motivate community acceptance and participation in LSM. Our results show that community involvement in LSM as an additional tool for malaria control increases local awareness of malaria as a health problem, its risk factors and control strategies. The results also show that specially trained members of the community easily accepted the intervention and were more willing to participate in the associated activities than the rest of the community. Further, the findings highlight the need to make activities less demanding in terms of time and labour. It was also observed that the community needs incentives to participate in community-led interventions but though critical, forms and modes of delivery of incentives need to be further studied. In Chapter 6, we investigated whether community involvement in LSM is feasible and can result in reduced larval vector densities. Our results showed that groups from the community, which received tailored training from the research team, participated more actively in the LSM activities than the rest of the community. Also, larviciding using Bti was the more preferred component of LSM by the community than habitat modification. Interestingly, application of Bti reduced larval densities in intervention villages. The findings of this study suggest that community involvement in LSM is only feasible when the community understands their malaria risk factors and control methods. Also, the study demonstrates that community involvement in application of Bti has the potential to reduce larval densities but should be implemented after proper training of the spraying teams. In Chapter 7, the key findings of this research and the implications for community-led LSM in Malawi are addressed and recommendations for future investigations are provided. In conclusion, the results of the research described in this thesis show that participation of communities in LSM is feasible and can reduce the malaria burden via reduced larval densities.
Effectiveness Of Winter Larviciding As A Malaria Vector Control Intervention In Selected Rural Areas Of Botswana And Zimbabwe
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Author : Mulamuli Mpofu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Effectiveness Of Winter Larviciding As A Malaria Vector Control Intervention In Selected Rural Areas Of Botswana And Zimbabwe written by Mulamuli Mpofu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Introduction Successful control of malaria vectors requires the control of the larval and the adult stages. There is currently enough evidence on effectiveness of adult control methods through indoor residual spraying and insecticide treated nets, and these remain the main vector control methods in both Botswana and Zimbabwe. However, the growing resistance to insecticides used for indoor residual spraying and for treating long lasting insecticide treated nets is threatening the successes towards malaria elimination in the two countries. There is therefore need for implementation of other complimentary interventions such as larviciding. Products for implementing larviciding are available but the implementation is affected by insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of this strategy, particularly in rural areas. Both Botswana and Zimbabwe implement larviciding to some extent but the national malaria control programs of the two countries have not quantified the contribution of the intervention towards the overall malaria response. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of larviciding in selected rural areas of Botswana and Zimbabwe, particularly on larval density and adult mosquito density. Materials and Methods An experimental study was conducted in Molalatau and Mathathane villages of Botswana and Ward 33 (also known as Birchnough Bridge) of Zimbabwe. In Botswana, Mathathane was used as an intervention village while Molalatau was a control village. In Birchnough Bridge of Zimbabwe, the northern side of the ward (also known as Pfupi village) was used as an intervention while the southern part (also known as Tamanikwa village) was used as the control. The two villages in Zimbabwe were separated by the irrigation fields which acted as a buffer. Implementation of the intervention and data collection started at the end of May in Zimbabwe and in July in Botswana. Within both the intervention and control areas, all larval habitats were identified and mapped using portable hand-held geographic positioning system devices. Habitats in the intervention areas were treated using the commercial larvicide VectoBac©30́9 (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis [Bti]) through community volunteers identified with the help of the local national malaria control programs. Every fortnight, larval counts were made from selected breeding habitats in both the intervention and control villages/wards to determine the effectiveness of the larvicide on the larvae. Within the same interval, adult mosquito sampling was conducted using exit window traps to capture mosquitoes which would enter houses for a blood meal and then want to rest outdoors. Pyrethrum spray catches were used to capture indoor resting mosquitoes. All sampled larvae and captured adult mosquitoes were identified to genera. Additionally, interviews were conducted with members of the community to understand their perceptions on effectiveness and acceptability of larviciding. Random-effects Poisson regression was used to compare intervention with control areas with respect to larval and adult mosquito counts. This was done using Stata Release 13, (StataCorp, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for treatment was of primary importance. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data from the interviews. Findings There was a significant overall effect of 92% and 65% on mosquito larvae in study sites of Botswana and Zimbabwe respectively following the application of larvicide (p
Saving Lives Buying Time
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2004-09-09
Saving Lives Buying Time written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-09 with Medical categories.
For more than 50 years, low-cost antimalarial drugs silently saved millions of lives and cured billions of debilitating infections. Today, however, these drugs no longer work against the deadliest form of malaria that exists throughout the world. Malaria deaths in sub-Saharan Africaâ€"currently just over one million per yearâ€"are rising because of increased resistance to the old, inexpensive drugs. Although effective new drugs called "artemisinins" are available, they are unaffordable for the majority of the affected population, even at a cost of one dollar per course. Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance examines the history of malaria treatments, provides an overview of the current drug crisis, and offers recommendations on maximizing access to and effectiveness of antimalarial drugs. The book finds that most people in endemic countries will not have access to currently effective combination treatments, which should include an artemisinin, without financing from the global community. Without funding for effective treatment, malaria mortality could double over the next 10 to 20 years and transmission will intensify.
Biology Of Anopheles Gambiae
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Author : M. H. Holstein
language : fr
Publisher:
Release Date : 1954
Biology Of Anopheles Gambiae written by M. H. Holstein and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1954 with Anopheles gambiae categories.
Toolkit For Integrated Vector Management In Sub Saharan Africa A
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Author : World Health Organization
language : en
Publisher: World Health Organization
Release Date : 2016-07-27
Toolkit For Integrated Vector Management In Sub Saharan Africa A written by World Health Organization and has been published by World Health Organization this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-27 with Medical categories.
This toolkit for integrated vector management (IVM) is designed to help national and regional programme managers coordinate across sectors to design and run large IVM programmes. It is an extension of earlier guidance and teaching material published by the World Health Organization (WHO): Handbook for integrated vector management Monitoring and evaluation indicators for integrated vector management Guidance on policy-making for integrated vector management and Core structure for training curricula on integrated vector management. The toolkit provides the technical detail required to plan implement monitor and evaluate an IVM approach. IVM can be used when the aim is to control or eliminate vector-borne diseases and can also contribute to insecticide resistance management. This toolkit provides information on where vector-borne diseases are endemic and what interventions should be used presenting case studies on IVM as well as relevant guidance documents for reference. The diseases that are the focus of this toolkit are malaria lymphatic filariasis dengue leishmaniasis onchocerciasis human African trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. It also includes information on other viral diseases (Rift Valley fever West Nile fever Chikungunya yellow fever) and trachoma. If other vector-borne diseases appear in a country or area vector control with an IVM approach should be adopted as per national priorities. Malaria as one of the most important vector-borne diseases in sub-Saharan Africa is the main focus of this document. Programmes targeting other vector-borne diseases can learn from the experiences gained from malaria vector control and presented here.
Malaria
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1991-02-01
Malaria written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991-02-01 with Medical categories.
Malaria is making a dramatic comeback in the world. The disease is the foremost health challenge in Africa south of the Sahara, and people traveling to malarious areas are at increased risk of malaria-related sickness and death. This book examines the prospects for bringing malaria under control, with specific recommendations for U.S. policy, directions for research and program funding, and appropriate roles for federal and international agencies and the medical and public health communities. The volume reports on the current status of malaria research, prevention, and control efforts worldwide. The authors present study results and commentary on the: Nature, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of malaria. Biology of the malaria parasite and its vector. Prospects for developing malaria vaccines and improved treatments. Economic, social, and behavioral factors in malaria control.
Vector Borne Diseases
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2008-03-18
Vector Borne Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-03-18 with Medical categories.
Vector-borne infectious diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and plague, cause a significant fraction of the global infectious disease burden; indeed, nearly half of the world's population is infected with at least one type of vector-borne pathogen (CIESIN, 2007; WHO, 2004a). Vector-borne plant and animal diseases, including several newly recognized pathogens, reduce agricultural productivity and disrupt ecosystems throughout the world. These diseases profoundly restrict socioeconomic status and development in countries with the highest rates of infection, many of which are located in the tropics and subtropics. Although this workshop summary provides an account of the individual presentations, it also reflects an important aspect of the Forum philosophy. The workshop functions as a dialogue among representatives from different sectors and allows them to present their beliefs about which areas may merit further attention. These proceedings summarize only the statements of participants in the workshop and are not intended to be an exhaustive exploration of the subject matter or a representation of consensus evaluation. Vector-Borne Diseases : Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary (Forum on Microbial Threats) summarizes this workshop.
Emergency Vector Control Using Chemicals 2nd Edition
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Author : Christophe Lacarin
language : en
Publisher: WEDC, Loughborough University
Release Date : 1999
Emergency Vector Control Using Chemicals 2nd Edition written by Christophe Lacarin and has been published by WEDC, Loughborough University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with Social Science categories.
electing the appropriate control chemical and the means of application, together with advice on planning an implementation programme.