Local Currency
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Local Currency
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Author : Fouad Sabry
language : en
Publisher: One Billion Knowledgeable
Release Date : 2024-01-29
Local Currency written by Fouad Sabry and has been published by One Billion Knowledgeable this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-01-29 with Business & Economics categories.
What is Local Currency A local currency is a type of currency that can be used to make purchases at participating organizations within a specific geographical area. This type of currency is used in economics. The difference between a community currency and a regional currency is that the former may be local, while the latter may be used for transaction within an online community. Regional currencies include a greater geographical area than community currencies do. To stimulate spending inside a local community, particularly with locally owned enterprises, a local currency serves as a complimentary currency to a national currency rather than replacing it. Its primary objective is to encourage spending within the community. It is possible that such currencies are not accepted as legal cash and are not supported by a national government. The worldwide database maintained by the Complementary Currency Resource Center has listings for over 300 complementary currencies, which also includes local currencies. How you will benefit (I) Insights, and validations about the following topics: Chapter 1: Local currency Chapter 2: Barter Chapter 3: Currency Chapter 4: Local exchange trading system Chapter 5: Virtual economy Chapter 6: Time-based currency Chapter 7: Complementary currency Chapter 8: Chiemgauer Chapter 9: Private currency Chapter 10: Demurrage (currency) Chapter 11: WIR Bank Chapter 12: Virtual currency Chapter 13: Money Chapter 14: Totnes pound Chapter 15: The Future of Money Chapter 16: Margrit Kennedy Chapter 17: Emissions Reduction Currency System Chapter 18: Fiscal localism Chapter 19: Community Exchange System Chapter 20: Bristol pound Chapter 21: Sarafu-Credit (II) Answering the public top questions about local currency. (III) Real world examples for the usage of local currency in many fields. Who this book is for Professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, enthusiasts, hobbyists, and those who want to go beyond basic knowledge or information for any kind of Local Currency.
The Local Currency Area
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Author : Charles Moore
language : en
Publisher: charles
Release Date :
The Local Currency Area written by Charles Moore and has been published by charles this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with Business & Economics categories.
If we turn to the questions “what is money and what not money is?” and “what is barter and what is not barter?” economists lead us down a path to incoherence and useless definitions. Barter is probably the most misunderstood economic function on the planet. The outcome is that economists have a broad definition of money and a narrow definition of barter, so broad and so narrow, respectively, that they are useless. They also lead to incoherent and inconsistent outcomes. Hence the analysis of money, proceeds from the principle that all essential phenomena of economic life are capable of being described in terms of goods and services, of decisions about them and of relations between them. Money spontaneously enters the picture in order to mediate transactions via its existence as a numeraire of exchange value, it does not affect the economic process of trade. It is man’s varying skills and different needs that prompted the exchange of goods and services. Thus came the need for a form of valuation that would determine how much or how many one kind of commodity should be exchanged with another good of a different quantity (or mass and volume). This ancient predicament of setting fair trade values gave birth to crude valuation tools and solutions, like counting and weighing. Thus the spontaneous emission of a numeraire to mediate barter based instantaneous exchanges of goods and services was observed. Its existence is a natural by-product of trade, it is not the creation of man or law, money is born solely from trade, and hence without trade money cannot exist. All instantaneous barter based exchanges, emit monetary exchange value. This foundational understanding, addresses the centauries of incoherent inconsistencies of economics.
Local Money
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Author : John Rogers
language : en
Publisher: Triarchy Press
Release Date : 2013-06-12
Local Money written by John Rogers and has been published by Triarchy Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-12 with Business & Economics categories.
Local money has been used for hundreds of years and throughout the world, yet very few of us understand what it's all about. Recently, Bristol and Brixton launched their own 'Pounds', but why? We all need money - to stay alive, to buy essential goods and services. But when jobs and money are in short supply it's largely because 97% of national money is controlled by the private banking industry. They trade, gamble and invest money where they can earn the biggest profit. And when the banks are in trouble so are ordinary people.By contrast, local currencies are owned by the community. They are designed to support local businesses, local jobs, local producers and services, local crafts and artists, community initiatives, charities, volunteers, etc. They create strong social networks and ensure that the community thrives even in a recession. By keeping the currency local, they protect it from speculators who will only invest if there is a profit to be had.This pamphlet explains the practical differences between national and local money - how local currencies work, what they can do that national money can't do, and why they are needed. If you are lucky enough to have a local currency, find out why you should join it. If you don't, you might be inspired to start one!Local money has been used for hundreds of years and throughout the world, yet very few of us understand what it's all about. Recently, Bristol and Brixton launched their own 'Pounds', but why? We all need money - to stay alive, to buy essential goods and services. But when jobs and money are in short supply it's largely because 97% of national money is controlled by the private banking industry. They trade, gamble and invest money where they can earn the biggest profit. And when the banks are in trouble so are ordinary people.By contrast, local currencies are owned by the community. They are designed to support local businesses, local jobs, local producers and services, local crafts and artists, community initiatives, charities, volunteers, etc. They create strong social networks and ensure that the community thrives even in a recession. By keeping the currency local, they protect it from speculators who will only invest if there is a profit to be had.This pamphlet explains the practical differences between national and local money - how local currencies work, what they can do that national money can't do, and why they are needed. If you are lucky enough to have a local currency, find out why you should join it. If you don't, you might be inspired to start one!Local money has been used for hundreds of years and throughout the world, yet very few of us understand what it's all about. Recently, Bristol and Brixton launched their own 'Pounds', but why? We all need money - to stay alive, to buy essential goods and services. But when jobs and money are in short supply it's largely because 97% of national money is controlled by the private banking industry. They trade, gamble and invest money where they can earn the biggest profit. And when the banks are in trouble so are ordinary people.By contrast, local currencies are owned by the community. They are designed to support local businesses, local jobs, local producers and services, local crafts and artists, community initiatives, charities, volunteers, etc. They create strong social networks and ensure that the community thrives even in a recession. By keeping the currency local, they protect it from speculators who will only invest if there is a profit to be had.This pamphlet explains the practical differences between national and local money - how local currencies work, what they can do that national money can't do, and why they are needed. If you are lucky enough to have a local currency, find out why you should join it. If you don't, you might be inspired to start one!
Nonresident Capital Flows And Volatility Evidence From Malaysia S Local Currency Bond Market
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Author : Mr.David A. Grigorian
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2019-01-25
Nonresident Capital Flows And Volatility Evidence From Malaysia S Local Currency Bond Market written by Mr.David A. Grigorian and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-25 with Business & Economics categories.
Malaysia’s local currency debt market is one of the most liquid public debt markets in the world. In recent years, the growing share of nonresident holders of debt has been a source of concern for policymakers as a reason behind exchange rate volatility. The paper provides an overview of the recent developments in the conventional debt market. It builds an empirical two-stage model to estimate the main drivers of debt capital flows to Malaysia. Finally, it uses a GARCH model to test the hypothesis that nonresident flows are behind the observed exchange rate volatility. The results suggest that the public debt market in Malaysia responds adequately to both pull and push factors and find no firm evidence that nonresident flows cause volatility in the onshore foreign exchange market.
Local Currency Bonds And Infrastructure Finance In Asean 3
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Author : Asian Development Bank
language : en
Publisher: Asian Development Bank
Release Date : 2015-07-01
Local Currency Bonds And Infrastructure Finance In Asean 3 written by Asian Development Bank and has been published by Asian Development Bank this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-07-01 with Business & Economics categories.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is working closely with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), Japan, and the Republic of Korea---collectively known as ASEAN+3---to develop local currency bond markets and facilitate regional bond market integration under the Asian Bond Markets Initiative (ABMI). ABMI was launched in 2002 to strengthen the resilience of the region's financial system by developing local currency bond markets as an alternative source to foreign currency-denominated, short-term bank loans for long-term investment financing. The need for infrastructure investment among ASEAN+3 members is well documented, with estimates for needed investment through 2020 reaching as high as $550 billion. Local currency financing of infrastructure projects has the important advantage of avoiding the currency risk that can arise when a project generating revenues in the domestic currency has foreign currency-denominated debt service requirements. This study was undertaken under ABMI and funded by the Government of the PRC. It addresses two key questions: (i) Why is local currency bond financing not more widely used for infrastructure projects in ASEAN+3? and (ii) What can be done to promote infrastructure bond financing?
Creating Wealth
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Author : Gwendolyn Hallsmith
language : en
Publisher: New Society Publishers
Release Date : 2011-06-28
Creating Wealth written by Gwendolyn Hallsmith and has been published by New Society Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-28 with Business & Economics categories.
The power of local currencies
Credit Risk Spreads In Local And Foreign Currencies
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Author : Dan Galai
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2009-05-01
Credit Risk Spreads In Local And Foreign Currencies written by Dan Galai and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-05-01 with Business & Economics categories.
The paper shows how-in a Merton-type model with bankruptcy-the currency composition of debt changes the risk profile of a company raising a given amount of financing, and thus affects the cost of debt. Foreign currency borrowing is cheaper when the exchange rate is positively correlated with the return on the company's assets, even if the company is not an exporter. Prudential regulations should therefore differentiate among loans depending on the extent to which borrowers have "natural hedges" of their foreign currency exposures.
Foreign Participation In Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond Markets
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Author : Mr.Shanaka J. Peiris
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2010-04-01
Foreign Participation In Emerging Markets Local Currency Bond Markets written by Mr.Shanaka J. Peiris and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-04-01 with Business & Economics categories.
This paper estimates the impact of foreign participation in determining long-term local currency government bond yields and volatility in a group of emerging markets from 2000-2009. The results of a panel data analysis of 10 emerging markets show that greater foreign participation in the domestic government bond market tends to significantly reduce long-term government yields. Moreover, greater foreign participation does not necessarily result in increased volatility in bond yields in emerging markets and, in fact, could even dampen volatility in some instances.
Emerging Market Local Currency Bond Yields And Foreign Holdings In The Post Lehman Period A Fortune Or Misfortune
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Author : Mr.Christian Ebeke
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2014-02-12
Emerging Market Local Currency Bond Yields And Foreign Holdings In The Post Lehman Period A Fortune Or Misfortune written by Mr.Christian Ebeke and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-12 with Business & Economics categories.
The paper shows that foreign holdings of local currency government bonds in emerging market countries (EMs) have reduced bond yields but have somewhat increased yield volatility in the post-Lehman period. Econometric analyses conducted from a sample of 12 EMs demonstrate that these results are robust and causal. We use an identification strategy exploiting the geography-based measure of EMs financial remoteness vis-à-vis major offshore financial centers as an instrumental variable for the foreign holdings variable.The results also show that, in countries with weak fiscal and external positions, foreign holdings are greatly associated with increased yield volatility. A case study using Poland data elaborates on the cross country findings.
Foreign Exchange And Money Markets
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Author : Heinz Riehl
language : en
Publisher: McGraw Hill Professional
Release Date : 1983
Foreign Exchange And Money Markets written by Heinz Riehl and has been published by McGraw Hill Professional this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983 with Business & Economics categories.
Provides an expanded treatment of exchange markets and introduces a broad treatment of money market.