Looting Or Missioning
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Looting Or Missioning
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Author : Egil Mikkelsen
language : en
Publisher: Oxbow Books
Release Date : 2019-09-15
Looting Or Missioning written by Egil Mikkelsen and has been published by Oxbow Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-15 with History categories.
Until now insular and continental material, mostly metal-work, found in pagan Viking Age graves in Norway, has been interpreted as looted material from churches and monasteries on the British Isles and the Continent. The raiding Vikings brought these objects back to their homeland where they were often broken up and used as jewellery or got alternative functions. Looting or Missioning looks at the use and functions of these sacred objects in their original Christian contexts. Based on such an analysis the author proposes an alternative interpretation of these objects: they were brought by Christian missionaries from different parts of the British Isles and the Continent to Norway. The objects were either personal (crosses, croziers, portable reliquaries etc.), objects used for baptism (hanging bowls), equipment to officiate a mass (mountings from books or reading equipment, altars or crosses) or to give the communion (pitchers, glass vessels, chalices, paten). We know from contemporary sources (Ansgar in Birka, Sweden in the ninth century) that missionaries brought this sort of equipment on their mission journeys. We also hear that missionaries were robbed, killed or chased off. Mikkelson interprets the sacred objects found in Viking Age pagan graves as objects that originate from the many unsuccessful mission attempts in Norway throughout the Viking Age. They changed function and were integrated in the pagan tradition. The conversion and Christianisation of Norway can thus be seen as a long-lasting process, at least from about 800 (but probably earlier) to the beginning of the eleventh century. As we must assume that the written sources on the subject are incomplete, the archaeological evidences are the main source. In addition to metal work and written sources, the dating and interpretation of stone crosses, rune stones, manuscript fragments and early Christian graves and churches are discussed. The main part of the manuscript regards the context of all these sources, studied in each part of Norway separately: Where do we find concentrations of objects that could support the interpretation of these being the result of mission attempts, and where can we combine archaeological and written sources to tentatively create more complete stories related to mission? One analysis is of special interest to British and Norwegian scholars and even a broader audience. It refers to the chieftain Ohthere from Northern Norway, who visited King Alfred the Great in Winchester in 890. The author finds a link between Alfred´s court and Ohthere´s farm which, it is argued, for was Borg at Vestvågøy, Lofoten, where the biggest Viking Age house in Northern Europe has been excavated. In the hall of this house were found a rare glass beaker with gold cross decorations, a Continental or British made pitcher, pieces of a bronze bowl and an æstel of gold. This last piece is only found in Northern Norway and in England, with Wessex and Mercia as the core areas. “The Alfred Jewel” (Ashmolean Museum) is also an æstel of the same main type, but much more splendid and with an inscription relating it to King Alfred. Mikkelson argues for a bishop being sent from Wessex and Alfred´s court on Ohthere´s ship back to Northern Norway as a missionary.
Looting Or Missioning
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Author : Egil Mikkelsen
language : en
Publisher: Oxbow Books
Release Date : 2019-09-15
Looting Or Missioning written by Egil Mikkelsen and has been published by Oxbow Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-15 with History categories.
Until now insular and continental material, mostly metal-work, found in pagan Viking Age graves in Norway, has been interpreted as looted material from churches and monasteries on the British Isles and the Continent. The raiding Vikings brought these objects back to their homeland where they were often broken up and used as jewellery or got alternative functions. Looting or Missioning looks at the use and functions of these sacred objects in their original Christian contexts. Based on such an analysis the author proposes an alternative interpretation of these objects: they were brought by Christian missionaries from different parts of the British Isles and the Continent to Norway. The objects were either personal (crosses, croziers, portable reliquaries etc.), objects used for baptism (hanging bowls), equipment to officiate a mass (mountings from books or reading equipment, altars or crosses) or to give the communion (pitchers, glass vessels, chalices, paten). We know from contemporary sources (Ansgar in Birka, Sweden in the ninth century) that missionaries brought this sort of equipment on their mission journeys. We also hear that missionaries were robbed, killed or chased off. Mikkelson interprets the sacred objects found in Viking Age pagan graves as objects that originate from the many unsuccessful mission attempts in Norway throughout the Viking Age. They changed function and were integrated in the pagan tradition. The conversion and Christianisation of Norway can thus be seen as a long-lasting process, at least from about 800 (but probably earlier) to the beginning of the eleventh century. As we must assume that the written sources on the subject are incomplete, the archaeological evidences are the main source. In addition to metal work and written sources, the dating and interpretation of stone crosses, rune stones, manuscript fragments and early Christian graves and churches are discussed. The main part of the manuscript regards the context of all these sources, studied in each part of Norway separately: Where do we find concentrations of objects that could support the interpretation of these being the result of mission attempts, and where can we combine archaeological and written sources to tentatively create more complete stories related to mission? One analysis is of special interest to British and Norwegian scholars and even a broader audience. It refers to the chieftain Ohthere from Northern Norway, who visited King Alfred the Great in Winchester in 890. The author finds a link between Alfred´s court and Ohthere´s farm which, it is argued, for was Borg at Vestvågøy, Lofoten, where the biggest Viking Age house in Northern Europe has been excavated. In the hall of this house were found a rare glass beaker with gold cross decorations, a Continental or British made pitcher, pieces of a bronze bowl and an æstel of gold. This last piece is only found in Northern Norway and in England, with Wessex and Mercia as the core areas. “The Alfred Jewel” (Ashmolean Museum) is also an æstel of the same main type, but much more splendid and with an inscription relating it to King Alfred. Mikkelson argues for a bishop being sent from Wessex and Alfred´s court on Ohthere´s ship back to Northern Norway as a missionary.
A Mission Under Duress
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Author : Suping Lu
language : en
Publisher: University Press of America
Release Date : 2012-07-10
A Mission Under Duress written by Suping Lu and has been published by University Press of America this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-10 with History categories.
Immediately after capturing the Chinese capital, Nanjing, on December 13, 1937, Japanese soldiers committed atrocities such as mass executions, rampant rapes, arson, and looting in and around the city. The carnage went on for weeks. On January 6, 1938, after the worst of the massacre atrocities was over, three American diplomats arrived in Nanjing. Upon their arrival, Third Secretary John Moore Allison, Vice Consul James Espy, and Code Clerk Archibald Alexander McFardyen, Jr. cabled dispatches about the atrocities and other conditions in the city to the Department of State and other U.S. diplomatic posts in China. Often, they dispatched several reports within a day. These atrocity reports, which were largely based on interviews with American missionaries and their own investigations, gave detailed descriptions of Japanese atrocities, property damage, social conditions, relief efforts, diplomatic wrestling, and many other aspects of life in the city during and after the massacre period. The value of these diplomatic dispatches and reports, which were retrieved from the national archives, rests on that they extensively document the American diplomats' role, their observations and attitude toward the situation there, their efforts to help the Chinese and protect the Americans, and their struggles with the Japanese.
The Church Of Scotland Home And Foreign Mission Record
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Author : Church of Scotland
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1888
The Church Of Scotland Home And Foreign Mission Record written by Church of Scotland and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1888 with Missions, Scottish categories.
Missions
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Author : Howard Benjamin Grose
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1925
Missions written by Howard Benjamin Grose and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1925 with Baptists categories.
Foreign Relations Of The United States
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Author : United States. Department of State
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1938
Foreign Relations Of The United States written by United States. Department of State and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1938 with United States categories.
Mission
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1952
Mission written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1952 with Baptists categories.
Mission Field
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1892
Mission Field written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1892 with Missions, British categories.
The Missions And Missionaries Of California Index To Vols Ii Iv
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Author : Zephyrin Engelhardt
language : en
Publisher: Dalcassian Publishing Company
Release Date : 1916-01-01
The Missions And Missionaries Of California Index To Vols Ii Iv written by Zephyrin Engelhardt and has been published by Dalcassian Publishing Company this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1916-01-01 with Indians of North America categories.
Papers Relating To The Foreign Relations Of The United States
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Author : United States. Department of State
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1943
Papers Relating To The Foreign Relations Of The United States written by United States. Department of State and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1943 with Japan categories.