Low Gwp Non Flammable Alternative Refrigerant Blends For Hfc 134a

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Low Gwp Non Flammable Alternative Refrigerant Blends For Hfc 134a

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Author : Piotr A. Domanski
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023

Low Gwp Non Flammable Alternative Refrigerant Blends For Hfc 134a written by Piotr A. Domanski and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with Air conditioning categories.

This project addresses the objectives of the Statement of Need number WPSON-17-20 No/Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Refrigerants. Its goal was to identify low global-warming-potential (GWP), non-flammable refrigerants to replace HFC-134a (GWP=1300) in military environmental control units (ECUs) and to demonstrate their performance. This work is a follow-on to the limited-scope project WP-2740, which used thermodynamic cycle simulation models alone to screen over 100 000 refrigerant blends and identified over 20 candidate HFC-134a replacements. In the present study we narrowed the pool of blend candidates down to three best blends, demonstrated their performance through drop-in tests in a military ECU in environmental chambers over a wide range of operating conditions, and extrapolated the laboratory-measured performance to that of ECUs equipped with modified compressor for each blend to provide the same system capacity while maintaining the isentropic efficiency of the original HFC-134a compressor. The project involved preliminary experimental and analytical tasks in support of the final project task. These included measurements of thermodynamic and transport properties of the novel fluids considered and an update of simulation methods for these properties, fundamental tests exploring the flammability characteristics including calculation methods, fundamental measurements and modeling of forced-convection heat transfer performance, and measurements of cycle performance of candidate blends in a laboratory mini-breadboard heat pump apparatus as the final qualification step of the best blends for full-scale testing in the ECU. The project s conclusion is that R-513A (GWP=573) and a blend we call Tern-1 [R-134a/1234yf/1234ze(E) (49.2/33.9/16.9*), GWP=640] are good replacement blends for HFC-134a offering a similar performance at GWP reduction of 66 % and 51 %, respectively. These fluids do not present any significant application difficulties. If greater reduction in GWP is desirable, R-515B (GWP=344) and CO2 (GWP=1) can be considered but they require further challenging research and developmental work. In the above blend selection, we adopted the ASTM E681 test method as stipulated by ASHRAE Standard 34 for qualifying non-flammability of refrigerants. If military requirements for non-flammability are more stringent than the E681 standard, a smaller reduction of GWP will be possible with qualifying blends.

Low Gwp Alternative Refrigerant Blends For Hfc 134a

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Author : Piotr A. Domanski
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021

Low Gwp Alternative Refrigerant Blends For Hfc 134a written by Piotr A. Domanski and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with Air conditioning categories.

This project addresses the objectives of the Statement of Need number WPSON-17-20 No/Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Refrigerants. Its goal is to identify and demonstrate performance of low global-warming-potential (GWP), non-flammable refrigerants to replace HFC-134a in military environmental control units (ECUs). This project is a follow-on to the limited-scope project WP-2740, which used thermodynamic cycle simulation models alone to screen over 100 000 refrigerant blends and identified over 20 candidate HFC-134a replacements. In this study we narrow the pool of blend candidates down to three best fluids, verify experimentally their flammability behavior, demonstrate their performance through tests in a military ECU in environmental chambers at a wide range of operating conditions, and extrapolate the laboratory measured performance to ECUs equipped with optimized heat exchangers through first-principles-based simulations combined with machine-learning optimization methods. This Interim Report documents the preliminary work leading to the selection of three best blends. This work included refrigerant blend tests in a laboratory mini-breadboard heat pump apparatus, fundamental measurements and modeling of thermophysical properties, two-phase heat-transfer performance, and flammability behavior.

Low Gwp A2l Refrigerant Safety

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Author : Jason Obrzut, CMHE
language : en
Publisher: ESCO Institute
Release Date : 2021-02-22

Low Gwp A2l Refrigerant Safety written by Jason Obrzut, CMHE and has been published by ESCO Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-22 with Education categories.

As the HVACR industry continues to move forward and innovate, the refrigerants that were once so commonplace are now being phased out. Replacing them are more energy efficient, environmentally friendlier refrigerants, known as Low GWP refrigerants. Many of these new refrigerants are classified by ASHRAE as A2L, or slightly flammable. The industry is also seeing expanded use of some hydrocarbon (A3) refrigerants, such as propane and isobutane. Students and technicians will require additional training for the safe handling and transportation of these refrigerants. The Low GWP refrigerant program manual covers: Refrigerant safety Introduction to Low GWP refrigerants Refrigerant properties and characteristics The refrigeration cycle Working with refrigerant blends Proper installation and service guidelines Flammable refrigerant considerations Explanation of the associated codes and standards for A2L refrigerants

Heat Transfer Performance And Prediction Of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives

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Author : Jordan Alexander Morrow
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022

Heat Transfer Performance And Prediction Of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives written by Jordan Alexander Morrow and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

Due to the Kigali amendment, environmental regulations are phasing out high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants such as R134a. Since many potential alternative refrigerants have flammability and cost concerns, minimizing system charge is critical. The condenser is typically responsible for 50% of the charge of a system; it is vital to have a fundamental understanding of the flow condensation heat transfer performance of low GWP refrigerants such as R513A and R450A. Flow condensation data were extracted from 35 papers and created a database of 5,030 condensation heat transfer coefficient data points. The data points were compared to predicted values from ten condensation correlations and the mean average error (MAE) for each one was calculated: Akers et al. (1959) (MAE=106%), Cavallini et al. (2006) (MAE=30%), Cavallini et al. (2011) (MAE=29%), Kim and Mudawar (2013) (MAE=28%), Macdonald and Garimella (2016) (MAE=61%), Shah (1979) (MAE=39%), Shah (2009) (MAE=32%), Shah (2013) (MAE=38%), Shah (2016) (MAE=26%), and Traviss et al. (1973) (MAE=46%). Many of the refrigerants in the database were not used for developing these correlations. Limited data were available for R513A (i.e., five studies) and R450A (i.e., one study). A vapor compression cycle experimental setup was designed and built to measure heat transfer performance of R134a alternative refrigerants. Experimental heat transfer coefficient data for R513A and R450A in a 0.95 mm diameter, multiport, mini-channel are presented for a range of mass flux (i.e., 200 - 500 kg/m2s) and quality (i.e., 0.2 - 0.8) at a saturation temperature of 40°C. Condensation heat transfer coefficients for R134a, R513A, and R450A increased with increasing mass flux and quality. R513A condensation heat transfer coefficients were 2.6 - 25.6% lower than R134a heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop were 4.5 - 14.0% lower than R134a pressure drop. R450A heat transfer coefficients were 2.4% higher than R134a at high mass flux and quality and up to 11.7% lower than R134a at lower mass fluxes than R134a heat transfer coefficients; R450A pressure drop were comparable to R134a pressure drop (i.e., 5.0% higher to 9.5% lower). A heat transfer coefficient correlation for low GWP (i.e., less than 750) refrigerants was developed using the Buckingham Pi theorem in conjunction with the MATLAB Optimization toolbox. The new correlation was developed using the condensation heat transfer coefficient database and the new experimental data collected from the experimental apparatus. The correlation is developed from a database of 4,110 data points including 11 synthetic refrigerants [i.e., R32, R41, R152a, R161, R450A, R452B, R454C, R455A, R513A, R1234yf, R1234ze(E)] and a range of diameters (i.e., 0.5 - 12.7 mm), saturation temperatures (i.e., 15 - 83°C), mass fluxes (i.e., 50 - 1200 kg/m2s), qualities (i.e., 0.007 - 0.999), pressure ratios (i.e., 0.15 - 0.91), Bond numbers (i.e., 0.454 - 616), liquid Reynolds numbers (i.e., 347 - 80,084), liquid Prandtl numbers (i.e., 1.87 - 5.64), and vapor Weber numbers (i.e., 8.35 - 27,334). The correlation development used 80% of the data points and tested for accuracy with the other 20% of the data points. The new correlation has a MAE of 24.2% for the data used to build the correlation and a MAE of 24.6% for the data used to test the correlation. The consistency of the correlation to predict the build data points and the test data points shows that the correlation effectively predicts the condensation heat transfer coefficients of these low GWP refrigerants.

8th International Conference On Compressors And Their Systems

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Author : City University London
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-12-19

8th International Conference On Compressors And Their Systems written by City University London and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-12-19 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book contains the papers from the 2013 International Conference on Compressors and Their Systems, held from 9-10 September at City University London. The long-running conference series is the ultimate global forum for reviewing the latest developments and novel approaches in compressor research. High-quality technical papers are sourced from around the globe, covering technology development, operation, maintenance and reliability, safety and environmental impact, energy efficiency and carbon footprint, system integration and behaviour, upgrades and refurbishment, design and manufacture, education and professional development. All the papers are previously unpublished and constitute leading edge research. Presents leading edge developments in compressor technology Gives the latest prediction and modelling techniques Details the new technology and machinery

Comparison Of Hfc 134a And The Ternary Blend Suva Mp39 As Replacements For The Refrigerant Cfc 12

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Author : Lyn E. Fletcher
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993

Comparison Of Hfc 134a And The Ternary Blend Suva Mp39 As Replacements For The Refrigerant Cfc 12 written by Lyn E. Fletcher and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Fluorocarbons categories.

The refrigerant gas CFC-12 has been widely used in Royal Australian Navy (RAN) equipment. With the Montreal protocol phase-out of this and other ozone depleting substances, alternative refrigerant gases must be identified. These replacements would ideally have the same efficiency as CFC-12, cause no health and safety risks and allow changeover to proceed with minimal costs. This paper reviews the attributes of two refrigerant gases, HFC-134a and Suva MP39, which are being considered by the RAN.

Refrigeration Units In Marine Vessels

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Author : Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner
language : en
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Release Date : 2019-04-02

Refrigeration Units In Marine Vessels written by Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Hafner and has been published by Nordic Council of Ministers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-02 with Nature categories.

Fishing vessels can be equipped with energy efficient refrigeration technology applying natural working fluids. Ammonia refrigeration systems have been the first choice, but CO2 units have also become increasingly common in the maritime sector in the last few years. When retrofitting or implementing CO2 refrigeration plants, less space on board is required and such units allow good service and maintenance. Nowadays, cruise ship owners prefer CO2 units for the provision refrigeration plants.Ship owners, responsible for the health and safety of the crew and passengers, must carefully evaluate the usage of flammable low GWP working fluids, due to a high risk that toxic decomposition products are formed, even without the presence of an open flame. Suggestions for further work include a Nordic Technology Hub for global marine refrigeration R&D and development support for key components.

Replacing Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998

Replacing Chlorofluorocarbon Refrigerants written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Chlorofluorocarbons categories.

Advances N Mechanical Engineering

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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Allied Publishers
Release Date : 2010

Advances N Mechanical Engineering written by and has been published by Allied Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Mechanical engineering categories.

7th International Conference On Compressors And Their Systems 2011

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Author : IMechE
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2011-09-02

7th International Conference On Compressors And Their Systems 2011 written by IMechE and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-02 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book contains the papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems at City University London in conjunction with the IMECHE. This conference is the ultimate global forum for reviewing the latest developments and novel approaches in compressor research. It features contributions from equipment manufacturers, suppliers, users and research organisations; these papers present developments in air, gas and refrigeration compressors; vacuum pumps; expanders; and related systems and components. Papers cover the design, development and operation of a wide range of compressors and expanders. Equipment manufacturers, suppliers, users and research organisations are all represented. Aspects covered include: present and future developments in scroll compressors; design and optimisation of screw compressors; latest thinking in oscillating and vane compressors; improving the function of valves; latest research in dynamic compressors; detailed analysis of reciprocating compressors; improved accuracy and usefulness of modelling techniques; developing better control of centrifugal compressors; and reducing unwanted noise and vibration. Presents all the papers of the International Conference on Compressors and their Systems 2011 Up to date papers on compressor technology improvements The latest prediction modelling techniques are presented