Low Level Environmental Radioactivity
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Low Level Environmental Radioactivity
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Author : Richard Tykva
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1995-04-13
Low Level Environmental Radioactivity written by Richard Tykva and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-04-13 with Science categories.
From the Introduction Low-level radioactivity is related to those radioactive sources of ionizing radiation that are characterized by low activities. Sometimes activity here does not represent total amount of radionuclides but rather their concentration. In other cases, the total activity may be quite high, but we can measure only a relatively small portion of the material. "Low" may have, for different situations and circumstances, not only considerably different meanings but also different absolute values as far as the activity or activity concentration is concerned. For example, one can refer to low activity in the case of radiocarbon dating, where the concentration of 14C is actually lower than its natural concentration, and also in the case of radon monitoring where, especially in mines or in some enclosed spaces, its concentration may be several thousand times higher than the outdoor "atural" concentrations. Emphasis is now being placed on the analysis of naturally occurring radionuclides in the environment or on the release of radionuclides from their different man-made sources because liquid and aerial discharge level controls have become more rigorous. In addition, the applicability of low-level methodology increases the extent of different radionuclide applications considerably. Since individual radionuclides differ in their decay scheme and particles emitted as well in their energies, there is no universal method for the accurate measurement of all radioactive sources. Moreover, there is usually a mixture of radionuclides in a sample, causing some difficulties in a selective evaluation of a given radionuclide. Due to the random nature of radioactive disintegrations, the appropriate interpretation of the experimental results would be, in most cases, impossible without elaborate statistical treatment and evaluation of the data obtained. Thanks to the availability of computer-based instrumentation, the measuring data can be, in most cases, processed and evaluated on-line, which makes it possible to control and optimize the experiment in order to extract the maximum amount of information carried by the detector response. The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to low-level radioactivity assessment and to clarify the nature of its sources, as well as the principal methods used in its measurement. Our evaluation is concentrated on the present-day aspects of low-level methodology. The book may be useful for all who need highly sensitive analysis of natural or artificial radioactivity both within and outside the nuclear field. The attempt of this book is to summarize the sources of environmental radioactivity and their possible radiological impact in terms of resulting doses to the population, and to present a sound review of the measuring methods and techniques for the evaluation of low-level radioactivities encountered in both the environment and in a number of applications where radioactive sources are used as a means of obtaining important information.
Low Level Measurements And Their Applications To Environmental Radioactivity
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Author : Manuel García-León
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Low Level Measurements And Their Applications To Environmental Radioactivity written by Manuel García-León and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Atmospheric radioactivity categories.
Environmental Radioactivity
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Author : Merril Eisenbud
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987
Environmental Radioactivity written by Merril Eisenbud and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Science categories.
Handbook Of Environmental Radiation
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Author : Alfred W. Klement
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-08-08
Handbook Of Environmental Radiation written by Alfred W. Klement and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-08 with Science categories.
The primary aim of the handbook series will be to include as much useful data as possible for the specialist needing ready access for the solution of problems most likely to arise in the radiation protection professions. However, some selected review of fundamental concepts is also included to enable persons with a basic science or engineering background to acquire the necessary knowledge to solve a majority of problems in especially important aspects of radiation protection. Also since the profession is broad in discipline, an attempt has been made to fulfil the frequent need of professionals for a refresher course in some of the more important fundamentals needed to utilize data included in the handbook. Principles of management, organization, and procedures related to radiation safety will also be summarized in later volumes, with attention to presentation of methods for establishing new radiation safety programs based on the accumulated experience of others.
Radioactivity In The Marine Environment
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Author : National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Radioactivity in the Marine Environment
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1971
Radioactivity In The Marine Environment written by National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Radioactivity in the Marine Environment and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with Radioactive pollution of the sea categories.
Low Level Radioactive Waste Management And Disposition
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2017-06-05
Low Level Radioactive Waste Management And Disposition written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-06-05 with Science categories.
The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE) is responsible for the safe cleanup of sites used for nuclear weapons development and government-sponsored nuclear energy research. Low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is the most volumetrically significant waste stream generated by the DOE cleanup program. LLW is also generated through commercial activities such as nuclear power plant operations and medical treatments. The laws and regulations related to the disposal of LLW in the United States have evolved over time and across agencies and states, resulting in a complex regulatory structure. DOE asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to organize a workshop to discuss approaches for the management and disposition of LLW. Participants explored the key physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics of low-level waste that govern its safe and secure management and disposal in aggregate and in individual waste streams, and how key characteristics of low level waste are incorporated into standards, orders, and regulations that govern the management and disposal of LLW in the United States and in other major waste-producing countries. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Environmental Monitoring Of Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility
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Author : E. Y. Shum
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
Environmental Monitoring Of Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility written by E. Y. Shum and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Radioactive waste disposal categories.
Marine Radioactivity
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2004-09-17
Marine Radioactivity written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-09-17 with Science categories.
This book on Marine Radioactivity sets out to cover most of the aspects of marine radioactivity which have been the focus of scientific study in recent decades. The authors and their reviews divide into topic areas which have defined the field over its history. They cover the suite of natural radioisotopes which have been present in the oceans since their formation and quantitatively dominate the inventory of radioactivity in the oceans. Also addressed are the suite of artificial radionuclides introduced to the oceans as a consequence of the use of the atom for development of nuclear energy, nuclear weapons and various applications of nuclear science. The major source of these continues to derive from the global fallout of atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons in the 1950s and 1960s but also includes both planned and accidental releases of radioactivity from both civilian and military nuclear technology. The other division of the major study direction depends on whether the objective is to use the radionuclides as powerful tools to study oceanic processes, to describe and understand the ocean distribution of the various natural or artificial radionuclides or to assess the different radionuclides' impact on and pathways to man or marine organisms. The oceans cover 70% of the Earth's surface and thus contains a corresponding large share of the Earth's radioactivity. Marine Radioactivity covers topics of recent scientific study in this young field. It examines both natural radioactivity (radioactivity naturally present in oceans since their formation) and artificial radioactivity (radioactivity introduced by man and use of atomic and nuclear energy) with regard to possible effects on the global environment.
Considerations Of Environmental Protection Criteria For Radioactive Waste
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Author : Waste Environmental Standards Program (U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
Considerations Of Environmental Protection Criteria For Radioactive Waste written by Waste Environmental Standards Program (U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Radioactive waste disposal categories.
Report To The Director
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Author : National Center for Radiological Health (U.S.). Environmental Radiation Exposure Advisory Committee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1968
Report To The Director written by National Center for Radiological Health (U.S.). Environmental Radiation Exposure Advisory Committee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1968 with Environmental health categories.