Low Level Environmental Radioactivity
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Low Level Environmental Radioactivity
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Author : Richard Tykva
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1995-04-13
Low Level Environmental Radioactivity written by Richard Tykva and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995-04-13 with Science categories.
From the Introduction Low-level radioactivity is related to those radioactive sources of ionizing radiation that are characterized by low activities. Sometimes activity here does not represent total amount of radionuclides but rather their concentration. In other cases, the total activity may be quite high, but we can measure only a relatively small portion of the material. "Low" may have, for different situations and circumstances, not only considerably different meanings but also different absolute values as far as the activity or activity concentration is concerned. For example, one can refer to low activity in the case of radiocarbon dating, where the concentration of 14C is actually lower than its natural concentration, and also in the case of radon monitoring where, especially in mines or in some enclosed spaces, its concentration may be several thousand times higher than the outdoor "atural" concentrations. Emphasis is now being placed on the analysis of naturally occurring radionuclides in the environment or on the release of radionuclides from their different man-made sources because liquid and aerial discharge level controls have become more rigorous. In addition, the applicability of low-level methodology increases the extent of different radionuclide applications considerably. Since individual radionuclides differ in their decay scheme and particles emitted as well in their energies, there is no universal method for the accurate measurement of all radioactive sources. Moreover, there is usually a mixture of radionuclides in a sample, causing some difficulties in a selective evaluation of a given radionuclide. Due to the random nature of radioactive disintegrations, the appropriate interpretation of the experimental results would be, in most cases, impossible without elaborate statistical treatment and evaluation of the data obtained. Thanks to the availability of computer-based instrumentation, the measuring data can be, in most cases, processed and evaluated on-line, which makes it possible to control and optimize the experiment in order to extract the maximum amount of information carried by the detector response. The purpose of this book is to provide an introduction to low-level radioactivity assessment and to clarify the nature of its sources, as well as the principal methods used in its measurement. Our evaluation is concentrated on the present-day aspects of low-level methodology. The book may be useful for all who need highly sensitive analysis of natural or artificial radioactivity both within and outside the nuclear field. The attempt of this book is to summarize the sources of environmental radioactivity and their possible radiological impact in terms of resulting doses to the population, and to present a sound review of the measuring methods and techniques for the evaluation of low-level radioactivities encountered in both the environment and in a number of applications where radioactive sources are used as a means of obtaining important information.
Detecting Environmental Radioactivity
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Author : Manuel García-León
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-11-30
Detecting Environmental Radioactivity written by Manuel García-León and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-11-30 with Science categories.
This textbook presents the principles and methods for the measurement of radioactivity in the environment. In this regard, specific low-level radiation counting and spectrometry or mass spectrometry techniques are discussed, including sources, distribution, levels and dynamics of radioactivity in nature. The author gives an accurate description of the fundamental concepts and laws of radioactivity as well as the different types of detectors and mass spectrometers needed for detection. Special attention is paid to scintillators, semiconductor detectors, and gas ionization detectors. In order to explain radiochemistry, some concepts about chemical separations are introduced as well. The book is meant for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in physics, chemistry or engineering oriented to environmental sciences, and to other disciplines where monitoring of the environment and its management is of great interest.
Low Level Radiation
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Author : United States. Department of Energy. Technical Information Center
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
Low Level Radiation written by United States. Department of Energy. Technical Information Center and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Radiation categories.
Disposal Of Low Level Radioactive Waste
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Disposal Of Low Level Radioactive Waste written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Nuclear weapons plants categories.
Nbs Special Publication
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1968
Nbs Special Publication written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1968 with Weights and measures categories.
Environmental Radioactivity From Natural Industrial And Military Sources
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Author : Merrill Eisenbud
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 1997-03-26
Environmental Radioactivity From Natural Industrial And Military Sources written by Merrill Eisenbud and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-03-26 with Science categories.
Environmental Radioactivity from Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources is the comprehensive source of information on radiation in the environment and human exposure to radioactivity. This Fourth Edition isa complete revision and extension of the classic work, reflecting major new developments and concerns as the Cold War ended, nuclear weapons began to be dismantled, and cleanup of the nuclear weapons facilities assumed center stage. Contamination from accidents involving weapons, reactors, and radionuclide sources are discussed in an updated chapter, including the latest information about the effects of the Chernobyl accident. Important revisions are also made to the chapters on natural radioactivity, nuclear fuels and power reactors, radioactive waste management, and various other sources of exposure. Several chapters provide primers for readers who may not be familiar with the fundamentals of radiation biology, protection standards, and pathways for the environmental transport of radionuclides. An Appendix lists the properties of the more important radionuclides found in the environment. The book concludes with a commentary on contemporary social aspects of radiation exposure and risks that offers analternative view to current, often excessive concerns over radiation, nuclear technology, and waste. - Describes every important source of environmental radioactivity - Reviews the vexing problems of radioactive waste management and clean-up of contaminated sites - Contains measured or projected radiation dose estimates for the major sources - Features 126 figures, 80 tables, and more than 1200 references - Discusses current problems in historical context - The two authors bring more than 75 years of combined experience with environmental radioactivity - Provides an understanding of the sources of environmental radioactivity and human exposure from the mining of ores to final disposal of wastes - Thoroughly reviews important contamination accidents
Handbook Of Environmental Radiation
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Author : Alfred W. Klement
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-08-08
Handbook Of Environmental Radiation written by Alfred W. Klement and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-08-08 with Science categories.
The primary aim of the handbook series will be to include as much useful data as possible for the specialist needing ready access for the solution of problems most likely to arise in the radiation protection professions. However, some selected review of fundamental concepts is also included to enable persons with a basic science or engineering background to acquire the necessary knowledge to solve a majority of problems in especially important aspects of radiation protection. Also since the profession is broad in discipline, an attempt has been made to fulfil the frequent need of professionals for a refresher course in some of the more important fundamentals needed to utilize data included in the handbook. Principles of management, organization, and procedures related to radiation safety will also be summarized in later volumes, with attention to presentation of methods for establishing new radiation safety programs based on the accumulated experience of others.
Radioactive Waste Processing And Disposal
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Author : United States. Energy Research and Development Administration. Technical Information Center
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
Radioactive Waste Processing And Disposal written by United States. Energy Research and Development Administration. Technical Information Center and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with Radioactive waste disposal categories.
Nuclear Science Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1974-07
Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1974-07 with Nuclear energy categories.
Environmental Radiation Protection Requirements For Normal Operations Of Activities In The Uranium Fuel Cycle
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Author : United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Programs
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Environmental Radiation Protection Requirements For Normal Operations Of Activities In The Uranium Fuel Cycle written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Radiation Programs and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Nuclear fuels categories.