Maternal Effects In Mammals
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Maternal Effects In Mammals
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Author : Dario Maestripieri
language : en
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
Release Date : 2009-08-01
Maternal Effects In Mammals written by Dario Maestripieri and has been published by University of Chicago Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-08-01 with Science categories.
Evolutionary maternal effects occur whenever a mother’s phenotypic traits directly affect her offspring’s phenotype, independent of the offspring’s genotype. Some of the phenotypic traits that result in maternal effects have a genetic basis, whereas others are environmentally determined. For example, the size of a litter produced by a mammalian mother—a trait with a strong genetic basis—can affect the growth rate of her offspring, while a mother’s dominance rank—an environmentally determined trait—can affect the dominance rank of her offspring. The first volume published on the subject in more than a decade, Maternal Effects in Mammals reflects advances in genomic, ecological, and behavioral research, as well new understandings of the evolutionary interplay between mothers and their offspring. Dario Maestripieri and Jill M. Mateo bring together a learned group of contributors to synthesize the vast literature on a range of species, highlight evolutionary processes that were previously overlooked, and propose new avenues of research. Maternal Effects in Mammals will serve as the most comprehensive compendium on and stimulus for interdisciplinary treatments of mammalian maternal effects.
The Epigenetic Transmission Of Maternal Effects In Mammals
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Author : Kevin Morey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
The Epigenetic Transmission Of Maternal Effects In Mammals written by Kevin Morey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Epigenetic maternal effects are being studied in laboratories at an exponentially increasing rate and have routinely been found to have consequences on the physiological and behavioural function of mammalian offspring. Despite this wealth of knowledge, our understanding of how epigenetic maternal effects impact free-living animals within natural ecosystems is comparatively non-existent. Here, I examine laboratory epigenetic maternal effects literature from the last decade with a perspective informed by an eco-evolutionary framework and found that the type and timing of maternal effects influences the extent of offspring DNA methylation in mammals. Additionally, I use an innovative experimental field manipulation to assess the epigenetic maternal effects of stress in free-living North American red squirrels and found inherent sex-specific differences in Nr3c1 and Pomc gene expression of red squirrel offspring despite no effect of maternal stress. Together, these studies highlight the importance of integrating evolutionary, ecophysiological, and molecular theory when studying epigenetic maternal effects.
Maternal Effects As Adaptations
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Author : Timothy A. Mousseau
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1998-06-18
Maternal Effects As Adaptations written by Timothy A. Mousseau and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-06-18 with Science categories.
Mothers have the ability to profoundly affect the quality of their offspring--from the size and quality of their eggs to where, when, and how eggs and young are placed, and from providing for and protecting developing young to choosing a mate. In many instances, these maternal effects may be the single most important contributor to variation in offspring fitness. This book explores the wide variety of maternal effects that have evolved in plants and animals as mechanisms of adaptation to temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments. Topics range from the evolutionary implications of maternal effects to the assessment and measurement of maternal effects. Four detailed case studies are also included. This book represents the first synthesis of the current state of knowledge concerning the evolution of maternal effects and their adaptive significance.
Maternal Control Of Development In Vertebrates
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Author : Florence Louise Marlow
language : en
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Release Date : 2010
Maternal Control Of Development In Vertebrates written by Florence Louise Marlow and has been published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Family & Relationships categories.
Eggs of all animals contain mRNAs and proteins that are supplied to or deposited in the egg as it develops during oogenesis. These maternal gene products regulate all aspects of oocyte development, and an embryo fully relies on these maternal gene products for all aspects of its early development, including fertilization, transitions between meiotic and mitotic cell cycles, and activation of its own genome. Given the diverse processes required to produce a developmentally competent egg and embryo, it is not surprising that maternal gene products are not only essential for normal embryonic development but also for fertility. This review provides an overview of fundamental aspects of oocyte and early embryonic development and the interference and genetic approaches that have provided access to maternally regulated aspects of vertebrate development. Some of the pathways and molecules highlighted in this review, in particular, Bmps, Wnts, small GTPases, cytoskeletal components, and cell cycle regulators, are well known and are essential regulators of multiple aspects of animal development, including oogenesis, early embryogenesis, organogenesis, and reproductive fitness of the adult animal. Specific examples of developmental processes under maternal control and the essential proteins will be explored in each chapter, and where known conserved aspects or divergent roles for these maternal regulators of early vertebrate development will be discussed throughout this review. Table of Contents: Introduction / Oogenesis: From Germline Stem Cells to Germline Cysts / Oocyte Polarity and the Embryonic Axes: The Balbiani Body, an Ancient Oocyte Asymmetry / Preparing Developmentally Competent Eggs / Egg Activation / Blocking Polyspermy / Cleavage/ Mitosis: Going Multicellular / Maternal-Zygotic Transition / Reprogramming: Epigenetic Modifications and Zygotic Genome Activation / Dorsal-Ventral Axis Formation before Zygotic Genome Activation in Zebrafish and Frogs / Maternal TGF-β and the Dorsal-Ventral Embryonic Axis / Maternal Control After Zygotic Genome Activation / Compensation by Stable Maternal Proteins / Maternal Contributions to Germline Establishment or Maintenance / Perspective / Acknowledgments / References
Maternal Behavior In Mammals
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Author : Harriet Lange Rheingold
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1963
Maternal Behavior In Mammals written by Harriet Lange Rheingold and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1963 with Animal behavior categories.
Maternal Effects In Transmission Of Self Medicative Behavior From Mother To Offspring In Sheep
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Author : Udita Sanga
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Maternal Effects In Transmission Of Self Medicative Behavior From Mother To Offspring In Sheep written by Udita Sanga and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Electronic dissertations categories.
Mammals begin learning food preferences in utero and maternally mediated influences early in life help offspring develop their feeding habits. Mammals also learn by individual experience to ingest medicinal compounds such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), which attenuates the negative post-ingestive effects of tannins, a group of potentially toxic plant secondary compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the transmission of acquired self-medicative behavior from mother to offspring using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a medicine to relieve malaise caused by tannins. I hypothesized that: 1) mothers trained to associate the beneficial effects of PEG while consuming tannins will pass this information to their offspring, and 2) lambs will be more efficient at utilizing PEG as a medicine against tannins in the presence of mother than lambs which learn without the influence of the mother. 3 This hypothesis was evaluated in four phases: in the first phase, a group of ewes (Experienced) was conditioned to associate the beneficial effects of PEG after consuming a tannin-containing diet. Ewes were offered a meal of high-tannin food and PEG and subsequently, the hightannin food and grape pomace (GP) with little nutritional and no "medicinal" effects. In the second phase, the experienced and a naïve group of ewes (Inexperienced) were given a choice between the hightannin food, PEG, and GP. In the third phase, experienced and inexperienced ewes with their naïve lambs, and the group of naïve lambs without their mothers, were exposed to the tannin-containing diet, PEG, and GP. Finally, in the fourth phase, lambs were separated from their mothers, and lambs from all groups were offered a choice between the tannin-containing diet, PEG, and GP. Lambs from experienced and inexperienced mothers showed a higher preference for PEG than lambs exposed without their mothers who tended to show a higher preference for GP. Thus, the presence of mother (experienced/inexperienced) was important for naïve lambs to learn about the medicinal benefits of PEG. This source of trans-generational knowledge could aid in maintaining the information in the herd, increasing the efficiency and reducing the risk of learning about foods and environments exclusively by individual experience.
Parental Care In Mammals
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Author : David J. Gubernick
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-11
Parental Care In Mammals written by David J. Gubernick and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-11 with Science categories.
The editors of this volume have honored me by their invitation to write its Fore word, an invitation extended because of my editing a book on the maternal behav ior of mammals in 1963. Much as I would like to think that I had opened a new area of study-and so played some part in the appearance of this fine new collec tion of chapters-the facts are quite otherwise. That in 1963 I could assemble the efforts of many distinguished investigators shows that the topic had already engaged their attention, and had for some years past. But even then, the topic had origins extending much farther into the past, to mention only Wiesner and Sheard's book Maternal Behavior in the Rat of 1933. Nevertheless, in 1963 it seemed to me that the study of maternal care in mammals had lagged behind the study of other kinds of social behavior. The present volume does much to establish parental care of the young as a topic central to an understanding of the relation between ontogeny and phylogeny, to the development of the young, to the social organization of the species, and to its preservation. It may now be seen not only as interesting but as a most signifi cant pattern of behavior among mammals.
Prenatal Determinants Of Behaviour
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Author : J. M. Joffe
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-10-22
Prenatal Determinants Of Behaviour written by J. M. Joffe and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-22 with Nature categories.
Prenatal Determinants of Behavior describes the methods of research on events in the maternal environment during gestation affecting the postnatal behavior of offspring by altering the intra-uterine environment of the fetus. This book is composed of 11 chapters that focus on methods of investigation rather than on substantive findings in the belief that progress in explaining behavior depends on researchers recognizing in the way in which they design experiments that behavior is determined by a multitude of complexly interacting events. After a brief introduction to the aspects of pregnancy, this book goes on examining the role of maternal influences and environmental factors, such as irradiation, drugs, hormone, and nutrition, on postnatal offspring behavior. The discussion then shifts to methods of altering the emotional state of a mother that affect her physiological condition indirectly. Other chapters survey the principles and experimentation of the genotype-environment interaction and its influence of offspring behavior. The last chapters deal with human studies concerning the influence of a variety of prenatal variable on the growth, health, and behavior of human offspring, including smoking, maternal environment, nutrition, diseases, X-rays, drugs, and stress. This book will be of great value to psychiatrists and medical professionals and students.
Essays In Social Neuroscience
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Author : John T. Cacioppo
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2004-07-16
Essays In Social Neuroscience written by John T. Cacioppo and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-07-16 with Medical categories.
Leaders in the field provide an introduction to the multidisciplinary collaborations of social neuroscience. This collection of essays by a group of distinguished social neuroscientists provides the reader with an engaging overview of this emerging multidisciplinary and collaborative field. In the twentieth century, the arbitrary barrier between neuroscience and social psychology was reinforced by the specialized knowledge required by each field and an emphasis on scientific work in isolation from other disciplines; the biological and social perspectives on mind and behavior developed for the most part independently of each other. Neuroscientists often considered social factors irrelevant or minimally important, while cognitive and social scientists tended to ignore biological constraints and mechanisms as leading to what they mistakenly thought of as reductionism. By the end of the twentieth century, however, as those working in both fields were spurred by the common goal of understanding how the mind works, systematic collaborations between neuroscientists and cognitive scientists had begun. These collaborative efforts have already helped unravel aspects of perception, imagery, attention, and memory. These essays—by leaders in the field—reflect the range of disciplines engaged and questions addressed today in social neuroscience. Topics include maternal effects and chromatin modeling; "Oxytocin and the prairie vole: a love story"; pheromones, social odors, and the unconscious; and memory.
Genetic And Cellular Effects In Mice Selected For Age Specific Growth
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004
Genetic And Cellular Effects In Mice Selected For Age Specific Growth written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.
The purpose of this research is to better characterize the origin and evolution of mammalian development. This topic is addressed by examining maternal effects, temporal genetic effects, and hepatocyte endopolyploidy and their impact on mouse growth. This dissertation starts with a discussion of several well-characterized maternal effects and each effect's influence on offspring's growth, gene expression, reproduction, behavior, and disease incidence, among other traits. The role of maternal effects in the evolution of quantitative traits is discussed, as well as the interaction between maternal effects and genomic imprinting in mammals. Growth during ontogeny is characterized by different cellular mechanisms and may be influenced by different sets of genes acting at different ages. To further investigate the differential genetic control of growth during ontogeny, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed to search for chromosomal regions influencing growth in two F2 populations produced from four mouse strains. These four strains are derived from an age-specific restricted index selection project, which has lead to differences in rate of development in body weight, as well as differences in cell number and cell size. Chromosomal regions influencing growth during ontogeny do not overlap between the two populations, suggesting age-specific growth is influenced by different sets of loci, as hypothesized. Epistatic interactions partially overlap between populations, suggesting growth throughout ontogeny shares some aspect of genetic architecture. In some species, evolution in quantitative traits is associated with variation in endopolyploidy, or the generation of polyploid cells by DNA replication without subsequent cell division. Given that variation in endopolyploidy affects phenotypic variation, genetic selection for a quantitative trait could alter onset and extent of mammalian endopolyploidy. Flow cytometry is used to characterize hepatic cellular chang.