Maternal Employment And Educational Development Of Children
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Maternal Employment And Educational Development Of Children
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Author : Chitra Ramachandran
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989-01-01
Maternal Employment And Educational Development Of Children written by Chitra Ramachandran and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989-01-01 with Children of working mothers categories.
Maternal Employment And Children S Development
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Author : Adele Eskeles Gottfried
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-11-21
Maternal Employment And Children S Development written by Adele Eskeles Gottfried and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-21 with Psychology categories.
In a review written in 1979, I noted that there was a paucity of research examining the effects of maternal employment on the infant and young child and also that longitudinal studies of the effects of maternal em ployment were needed (Hoffman, 1979). In the last 10 years, there has been a flurry of research activity focused on the mother's employment during the child's early years, and much of this work has been longi tudinal. All of the studies reported in this volume are at least short-term longitudinal studies, and most of them examine the effects of maternal employment during the early years. The increased focus on maternal employment during infancy is not a response to the mandate of that review but rather reflects the new employment patterns in the United States. In March 1985, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 49.4% of married women with children less than a year old were employed outside the home (Hayghe, 1986). This figure is up from 39% in 1980 and more than double the rate in 1970. By now, most mothers of children under 3 are in the labor force.
Mechanisms For The Association Between Maternal Employment And Child Cognitive Development
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Author : John Horan Cawley
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Mechanisms For The Association Between Maternal Employment And Child Cognitive Development written by John Horan Cawley and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Children categories.
Recent research has found that maternal employment is associated with worse child performance on tests of cognitive ability. This paper explores mechanisms for that correlation. We estimate models of instrumental variables using a unique dataset, the American Time Use Survey, that measure the effect of maternal employment on the mother's allocation of time to activities related to child cognitive development. We find that employed women spend significantly less time reading to their children, helping with homework, and in educational activities in general. We find no evidence that these decreases in time are offset by increases in time by husbands and partners. These findings offer plausible mechanisms for the association of maternal employment with child cognitive development.
Maternal Employment Migration And Child Development
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Author : Haiyong Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Maternal Employment Migration And Child Development written by Haiyong Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
In this paper we analyze the roles and interrelationships between school inputs and parental inputs in affecting child outcomes in the U.S. We investigate the interactions among and endogeneity of these inputs in the production of child outcomes by specifying and estimating a behavioral model of parent's decisions that can affect these outcomes. We focus on two important dimensions of school and parental input decisions: the parents' choice of which school attendance area to live in, and the mother's decision to work as a proxy for maternal time directly devoted to child education. Parents receive utility from consumption, leisure, and the child's achievement and they maximize expected utility. In making location and employment decisions, parents take into account the distribution of impacts of these decisions on their child's educational development, modeled through a production function for child outcomes. The environment in which these decisions are made is characterized by uncertain future wages and job prospects for both parents, and uncertainty in the child's future educational outcomes. Besides school quality, residential location decisions are influenced by local labor market conditions, housing and moving costs and geographic preferences. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we integrate information on household migration, maternal employment decisions, and parental wage rates with observations on child outcomes over a 13-year period. Our statistical model follows directly from the theoretical framework. We relax many functional form assumptions that have been imposed by previous researchers who have studied how parents and schools can affect a child's development. Estimating the educational production function as part of a structural model provides significantly different estimates of the production process. The impacts of the school district characteristics diminish by factors of 2 to 4 after controlling for the fact that families may be choosing where to live because of the school district characteristics and labor market opportunities. We also find that the impacts on child outcomes of having moved and working full-time (as opposed to not working) to change signs and remain statistically significant after controlling for the possible endogeneity of these decisions. When we turn to the estimates of the overall effects of changes in characteristics on child outcomes, a somewhat different story emerges. Since parents can re-optimize by choosing different school districts and hours of work, many of the benefits to students from changing school district characteristics end up having only minor impacts on the child test scores.
Maternal Employment And Child Health
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Author : Yana van der Meulen Rodgers
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2011-01-01
Maternal Employment And Child Health written by Yana van der Meulen Rodgers and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-01-01 with Family & Relationships categories.
As women's labor force participation has risen around the globe, scholarly and policy discourse on the ramifications of this employment growth has intensified. This book explores the links between maternal employment and child health using an international perspective that is grounded in economic theory and rigorous empirical methods. Women's labor-market activity affects child health largely because their paid work raises household income, which strengthens families' abilities to finance healthcare needs and nutritious food; however, time away from children could counteract some of the benefits of higher socioeconomic status that spring from maternal employment. New evidence based on data from nine South and Southeast Asian countries illuminates the potential tradeoff between the benefits and challenges families contend with in the face of women's labor-market activity. This book provides new, original evidence on links between maternal employment and children's health using data associated with three indicators of children's nutritional status: birth size, stunting, and wasting. Results support the implementation and enforcement of policy interventions that bolster women's advancement in the labor market and reduce undernutrition among children. Scholars, students, policymakers and all those with an interest in nutritional science, gender, economics of the family, or development economies will find the methodology and original results expounded here both useful and informative.
Early Maternal Employment And Child Development In Five Oecd Countries
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Author : Maria del Carmen Huerta
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Early Maternal Employment And Child Development In Five Oecd Countries written by Maria del Carmen Huerta and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Child development categories.
More mothers with young children are in paid work than in the past. There is a long-running debate on possible negative effects of maternal employment on child development. For the first time, this paper presents an initial comparative analysis of longitudinal data on maternal employment patterns after birth on child cognitive and behavioural development. The paper examines data of five OECD countries with different types and intensity of support provided to families to reconcile work and family life. The evidence suggests that a return to paid work by mothers within six months after childbirth may have negative effects on child outcomes, particularly on cognitive development, but the effects are small and not universally observed. Other factors such as family income, parental education and quality of interaction with children have greater influences on child development than early maternal employment per se.
Maternal Employment Quality Time And Children Outcomes
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Author : Ahlam El Yaman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Maternal Employment Quality Time And Children Outcomes written by Ahlam El Yaman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with Economics categories.
In this paper, I explore two relationships using the three waves of the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. In the first model, I assess the effect of maternal employment on the quantity and quality of time spent with the child. I use child and family fixed estimation and I also look at whether this relationship varies according to the mother's educational attainment, the gender and the age of the child. In the second model, I estimate child production functions to examine the effects of quantity and quality of mother-child time on children's behavioral and cognitive development. I use value added production function models and I test two measures of quality time: (1) simply active (engaged) versus passive time, and (2) a quality time index constructed via Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Results indicate that working 40 hours per week reduces mother-child time by 4.8 hours, of which 2.4 hours are quality time. I find no significant effect of mother-child time on either cognitive or non-cognitive measures. Child cognitive outcomes are mainly affected by the mother's educational attainment, while non-cognitive outcomes are shaped by her warmth and psychological distress, and neighborhood safety. I conclude that parent's education, parenting style, mother's distress, and neighborhood characteristics have more impact on child development than does mother's time input. Policies targeting child outcomes should focus more on those elements, and less on mother-child time and mother's employment.
Maternal Employment In Early Childhood
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Author : Teresa Katherine Lightbody
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Maternal Employment In Early Childhood written by Teresa Katherine Lightbody and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Children of working mothers categories.
This thesis focused on the associations between maternal employment in early childhood and the developmental outcomes of infant, toddler, and preschool age children in Canada. It is well established that maternal employment in the first year is negatively associated with children's development, particularly cognitive outcomes. However, a number of questions remain about the effects of the number of hours that mothers work, differential outcomes for boys and girls, and the contributing role of the factors in children's family and child care contexts. Thus, I examined the nature of relationships among maternal employment in early childhood, children's gender, family context, child care context, and young children's development. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model of Human Development, I conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth using Cycles Six (2004/2005), Seven (2006/2007), and Eight (2008/2009). The method of analysis was multiple linear regression. I tested the associations between mothers' employment in the first four years of children's lives and the motor and social development of zero to four year old children and receptive language of four and five year old children (commonly used as an indicator of cognitive development). Further, because previous research has shown that the influence of maternal employment on children's cognitive development varies with the specific timing of mothers' return to work, I examined the associations between maternal employment in the first two years of children's lives and the receptive language of children four and five years. Additionally, I ran a sub-group analysis comparing children of mothers who worked more than 20 hours a week to children of mothers who worked fewer hours. To examine the influence that child's gender and family and child care contexts have on the relationship between maternal employment in early childhood and children's developmental outcomes, I investigated the moderating effects of child gender, family economic well-being, mothers' marital status, maternal education, and child care type and quality. I also analyzed the mediating effects of family functioning, depressive symptoms, and parent-child interactions on the relationship between maternal employment in early childhood and children's developmental outcomes. With children's motor and social development, I found that mothers who returned to work when their children were between zero to four years old had enhanced motor and social development in comparison to children of mothers who did not work during this time. However, the magnitude of the effect was relatively weak. Additionally, findings indicated that maternal employment within the first four years had stronger positive effects on the motor and social development (improved motor and social development) for female children than it did for male children. Findings showed that the only Contextual Process that played a mediating role was parent-child interactions. The enhanced motor and social development of children of mothers who worked was explained in part by more positive parent-child interactions displayed by employed mothers. Regarding receptive language, findings showed that maternal employment between zero and four years was not significantly associated with children's receptive language. However, I found that relative to children of mothers who worked 20 hours or less per week in the first two years of their children's lives, children of mothers who worked more than 20 hours had lower receptive language scores at four and five years of age. An additional analysis suggested that maternal employment initiated between 12 and 17 months was a sensitive period in which working more than 20 hours a week was negatively associated with children's receptive language. The small positive associations between maternal employment in early childhood and children's motor and social development provide some reassurance to mothers who engage in maternal employment in early childhood. That being said, my research suggests that working more than 20 hours a week in the first two years of children's lives and even more so between 12 and 17 months of age has negative associations with children's later receptive language. These findings could be of interest to policy analysts and government officials who create and monitor Canadian maternity and parental leave policies/programs in that they bring attention to areas (i.e., hours worked in early childhood) that policy developers may want to consider in future changes to current Canadian maternity and parental leave policies/programs.
Early Maternal Employment And Child Development In Five Oecd Countries
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Early Maternal Employment And Child Development In Five Oecd Countries written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Child development categories.
More mothers with young children are in paid work than in the past. There is a long-running debate on possible negative effects of maternal employment on child development. For the first time, this paper presents an initial comparative analysis of longitudinal data on maternal employment patterns after birth on child cognitive and behavioural development. The paper examines data of five OECD countries with different types and intensity of support provided to families to reconcile work and family life. The evidence suggests that a return to paid work by mothers within six months after childbirth may have negative effects on child outcomes, particularly on cognitive development, but the effects are small and not universally observed. Other factors such as family income, parental education and quality of interaction with children have greater influences on child development than early maternal employment per se.
Relations Among Continuity In Maternal Employment Parent Child Communicative Activities And Children S School Competence
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Author : Martha Jean Moorehouse
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1986
Relations Among Continuity In Maternal Employment Parent Child Communicative Activities And Children S School Competence written by Martha Jean Moorehouse and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Academic achievement categories.