Measurement And Statistics On Science And Technology
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Measurement And Statistics On Science And Technology
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Author : Benoît Godin
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2004-08-02
Measurement And Statistics On Science And Technology written by Benoît Godin and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-08-02 with History categories.
How do we objectively measure scientific activities? What proportion of economic activities should a society devote to research and development? How can public-sector and private-sector research best be directed to achieve social goals? Governments and researchers from industrial countries have been measuring science and technology for more than eighty years. This book provides the first comprehensive account of the attempts to measure science and technology activities in Western countries and the successes and shortcomings of statistical systems. Godin guides readers through the historical moments that led to the development of statistics on science and technology and also examines the socio-political dynamics behind social measurement. This enlightening account will be of interest to students and academics investigating science measurement as well as policy makers working in this burgeoning field.
Measurement And Statistics On Science And Technology
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Author : Benoit Godin
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2005
Measurement And Statistics On Science And Technology written by Benoit Godin and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Research categories.
This book provides an historical examination of official science and technology statistics and indicators in Western countries.
Measurement And Probability
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Author : Giovanni Battista Rossi
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-05-19
Measurement And Probability written by Giovanni Battista Rossi and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-05-19 with Science categories.
Measurement plays a fundamental role both in physical and behavioral sciences, as well as in engineering and technology: it is the link between abstract models and empirical reality and is a privileged method of gathering information from the real world. Is it possible to develop a single theory of measurement for the various domains of science and technology in which measurement is involved? This book takes the challenge by addressing the following main issues: What is the meaning of measurement? How do we measure? What can be measured? A theoretical framework that could truly be shared by scientists in different fields, ranging from physics and engineering to psychology is developed. The future in fact will require greater collaboration between science and technology and between different sciences. Measurement, which played a key role in the birth of modern science, can act as an essential interdisciplinary tool and language for this new scenario. A sound theoretical basis for addressing key problems in measurement is provided. These include perceptual measurement, the evaluation of uncertainty, the evaluation of inter-comparisons, the analysis of risks in decision-making and the characterization of dynamical measurement. Currently, increasing attention is paid to these issues due to their scientific, technical, economic and social impact. The book proposes a unified probabilistic approach to them which may allow more rational and effective solutions to be reached. Great care was taken to make the text as accessible as possible in several ways. Firstly, by giving preference to as interdisciplinary a terminology as possible; secondly, by carefully defining and discussing all key terms. This ensures that a wide readership, including people from different mathematical backgrounds and different understandings of measurement can all benefit from this work. Concerning mathematics, all the main results are preceded by intuitive discussions and illustrated by simple examples. Moreover, precise proofs are always included in order to enable the more demanding readers to make conscious and creative use of these ideas, and also to develop new ones. The book demonstrates that measurement, which is commonly understood to be a merely experimental matter, poses theoretical questions which are no less challenging than those arising in other, apparently more theoretical, disciplines.
Springer Handbook Of Science And Technology Indicators
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Author : Wolfgang Glänzel
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-10-30
Springer Handbook Of Science And Technology Indicators written by Wolfgang Glänzel and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-30 with Science categories.
This handbook presents the state of the art of quantitative methods and models to understand and assess the science and technology system. Focusing on various aspects of the development and application of indicators derived from data on scholarly publications, patents and electronic communications, the individual chapters, written by leading experts, discuss theoretical and methodological issues, illustrate applications, highlight their policy context and relevance, and point to future research directions. A substantial portion of the book is dedicated to detailed descriptions and analyses of data sources, presenting both traditional and advanced approaches. It addresses the main bibliographic metrics and indexes, such as the journal impact factor and the h-index, as well as altmetric and webometric indicators and science mapping techniques on different levels of aggregation and in the context of their value for the assessment of research performance as well as their impact on research policy and society. It also presents and critically discusses various national research evaluation systems. Complementing the sections reflecting on the science system, the technology section includes multiple chapters that explain different aspects of patent statistics, patent classification and database search methods to retrieve patent-related information. In addition, it examines the relevance of trademarks and standards as additional technological indicators. The Springer Handbook of Science and Technology Indicators is an invaluable resource for practitioners, scientists and policy makers wanting a systematic and thorough analysis of the potential and limitations of the various approaches to assess research and research performance.
The Economics And Science Of Measurement
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Author : Albert N. Link
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-07-08
The Economics And Science Of Measurement written by Albert N. Link and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-08 with Business & Economics categories.
Metrology is the study of measurement science. Although classical economists have emphasized the importance of measurement per se, the majority of economics-based writings on the topic have taken the form of government reports related to the activities of specific national metrology laboratories. This book is the first systematic study of measurement activity at a national metrology laboratory, and the laboratory studied is the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) within the U.S. Department of Commerce. The primary objective of the book is to emphasize for academic and policy audiences the economic importance of measurement not only as an area of study but also as a tool for sustaining technological advancement as an element of economic growth. Toward this goal, the book offers an overview of the economic benefits and consequences of measurement standards; an argument for public sector support of measurement standards; a historical perspective of the measurement activities at NIST; an empirical analysis of one particular measurement activity at NIST, namely calibration testing; and a roadmap for future research on the economics of metrology.
The Measurement Of Scientific And Technological Activities Frascati Manual 2002 Proposed Standard Practice For Surveys On Research And Experimental Development
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2002-12-11
The Measurement Of Scientific And Technological Activities Frascati Manual 2002 Proposed Standard Practice For Surveys On Research And Experimental Development written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-12-11 with categories.
The internationally recognized methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics, the Frascati Manual is an essential tool for statisticians worldwide. It includes definitions of basic concepts, data collection guidelines, and classifications for ...
The Measurement Of Scientific And Technological Activities Proposed Guidelines For Collecting And Interpreting Technological Innovation Data Oslo Manual
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 1997-04-03
The Measurement Of Scientific And Technological Activities Proposed Guidelines For Collecting And Interpreting Technological Innovation Data Oslo Manual written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997-04-03 with categories.
The Oslo Manual is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry.
The Measurement Of Scientific And Technological Activities Using Patent Data As Science And Technology Indicators Patent Manual
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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 1994-01-01
The Measurement Of Scientific And Technological Activities Using Patent Data As Science And Technology Indicators Patent Manual written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-01-01 with categories.
Analysts and policy makers have made increasing use of patent indicators to analyse the rate and direction of technological activity. The Patents Manual, issued in 1994, provides information on how patent data can be used as indicators, and also ...
Encyclopedia Of Measurement And Statistics
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Author : Neil J. Salkind
language : en
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Release Date : 2006-10-13
Encyclopedia Of Measurement And Statistics written by Neil J. Salkind and has been published by SAGE Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-10-13 with Social Science categories.
The study of measurement and statistics can be less than inviting. However, in fields as varying as education, politics, and health care, assessment and the use of measurement and statistics have become integral parts of almost every activity undertaken. These activities require the organization of ideas, the generation of hypotheses, the collection of data, and the interpretation, illustration, and analysis of data. No matter where educated people look, this critical analysis is more important than ever in an age where information—and lots of it—is readily available. The ideas and tools contained in the Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics are approachable and can be invaluable for understanding a very technical world and the increasing flow of information. Although there are references that cover statistics and assessment in depth, none provides as comprehensive a resource in as focused and accessible a manner as the three volumes of this Encyclopedia. Through approximately 500 contributions, experts provide an overview and an explanation of the major topics in these two areas. Key Features Covers every major facet of these two different, but highly integrated disciplines—from mean, mode, and median to reliability, validity, significance, correlation, and much more—all without overwhelming the informed reader Offers cross-disciplinary coverage, with contributions from and applications to the fields of Psychology, Education, Sociology, Human Development, Political Science, Business and Management, Public Health, and others Provides cross-reference terms, further readings, and Web site URLs following most entries, as well as an extensive set of appendices and an annotated list of organizations relevant to measurement and statistics Appendices Features Appendix A is a guide to basic statistics for those readers who might like an instructional step-by-step presentation of basic concepts in statistics and measurement Appendix B is a table of critical values used in hypothesis testing and an important part of any reference in this area Appendix C represents a collection of some important and useful measurement and statistics Internet sites A primary goal of creating this set of volumes is to open up the broad discipline of measurement and statistics to a wider and more general audience than usual. Edited by bestselling author Neil J. Salkind, this Encyclopedia is specifically designed to appeal to beginning and intermediate-level students, practitioners, researchers, and consumers of information. It is a welcome addition to any academic library.
Handbook Of Quantitative Science And Technology Research
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Author : Henk F. Moed
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-02-23
Handbook Of Quantitative Science And Technology Research written by Henk F. Moed and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-02-23 with Computers categories.
This handbook offers a state-of-the-art overview of quantitative science and technology research. It focuses on the development and application of indicators derived from data on scientific or scholarly publications and patents. It comprises 34 chapters written by leading specialists in the various sub-domains. These chapters deal with theoretical and methodological issues, illustrate applications, and highlight their policy context and relevance. Authors present a survey of the research topics they address, and show their most recent achievements. The 34 chapters are arranged into 5 parts: Disciplinary Approaches; General Methodology; The Science System; The Technology System; and The Science–Technology Interface. The Editor’s Introduction provides a further specification of the handbook’s scope and of the main topics addressed in its chapters. This handbook aims at four distinct groups of readers: – practitioners in the field of science and technology studies; – research students inthis field; – scientists, scholars and technicians who are interested in a systematic, thorough analysis of their activities; – policy makers and administrators who wish to be informed about the potentialities and limitations of the various approaches and about their results.